SAVIOR

Yang Kutunggu (Anggun)

Yang Kutunggu (Anggun)

Chikungunya

Chikungunya adalah sejenis demam virus yang disebabkan alphavirus yang disebarkan oleh gigitan nyamuk dari spesies Aedes aegypti. Namanya berasal dari sebuah kata dalam bahasa Makonde yang berarti "yang melengkung ke atas", merujuk kepada tubuh yang membungkuk akibat gejala-gejala arthritis penyakit ini.

Penyakit ini pertama sekali dicatat di Tanzania, Afrika pada tahun 1952, kemudian di Uganda tahun 1963. Di Indonesia, kejadian luar biasa (KLB) Chikungunya dilaporkan pada tahun 1982 di beberapa provinsi: Yogyakarta (1983), Muara Enim (1999), Aceh dan Bogor (2001). Sebuah wabah Chikungunya ditemukan di Port Klang di Malaysia pada tahun 1999, menjangkiti 27 orang [1].

Gejala penyakit ini termasuk demam mendadak yang mencapai 39 derajat C, nyeri pada persendian terutama sendi lutut, pergelangan, jari kaki dan tangan serta tulang belakang yang disertai ruam (kumpulan bintik-bintik kemerahan) pada kulit. Terdapat juga sakit kepala, conjunctival injection dan sedikit fotofobia.

Ujian serologi untuk Chikungunya tersedia di Universitas Malaya di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Tidak terdapat sebarang rawatan khusus bagai Chikungunya. Penyakit ini biasanya dapat membatasi diri sendir dan akan sembuh sendiri. Perawatan berdasarkan gejala disarankan setelah mengetepikan penyakit-penyakit lain yang lebih berbahaya.



Chikungunya virus

CHIK is responsible for extensive Aedes aegypti-transmitted urban disease in cities in Africa and major epidemics in Asia. The crippling arthralgia and frequent arthritis that accompany the fever and other systemic symptoms are clinically distinct. Several other togaviruses of the alphavirus genus (Ross River, O’nyong-nyong, etc) have been associated with a similar syndrome. CHIK activity in Asia has been documented since its isolation in Bangkok in 1958. Other countries which have reported CHIK activity include Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

CHIK virus is transmitted in the savannahs and forests of tropical Africa by Aedes mosquitoes of the subgenera Stegomyia and Diceromyia. Aedes aegypti is an important vector in urban epidemics in both Africa and Asia.

Clinical Features

CHIK is an acute infection of abrupt onset, heralded by fever and severe arthralgia, followed by other constitutional symptoms and rash, and lasting for a period of 1-7 days. The incubation period is usually 2-3 days, with a range of 1-12 days. Fever rises abruptly, often reaching 39 to 40 degrees centigrade and accompanied by intermittent shaking chills. This acute phase lasts 2-3 days. The temperature may remit for 1-2 days, resulting in a "saddle-back" fever curve.

The arthralgias are polyarticular, migratory, and predominantly affect the small joints of the hands, wrists, ankles and feet, with lesser involvement of larger joints. Pain on movement is worse in the morning, improved by mild exercise, and exacerbated by strenous exercise. Swelling may occur, but fluid accumulation is uncommon. Patients with milder articular manifestations are usually symptom-free within a few weeks, but more severe cases require months to resolve entirely. Generalized myalgia, as well as back and shoulder pain, is common.

Cutaneous manifestations are typical with many patients presenting with a flush over the face and trunk. This is usually followed by a rash generally described as maculopapular. The trunks and limbs are commonly involved, but face, palms and soles may also show lesions. Pruritis or irritation may accompany the eruption.

During the acute disease, most patients will have headache, but it is not usually severe. Photophobia and retroorbital pain also occur but not severe. Conjunctival injection is present in some cases. Some patients will complain of sore throat and have pharyngitis on examination.

CHIK infection has a somewhat different picture in younger patients. Arthralgia and arthritis occur but are less prominent and last a shorter time. Rash may be less frequent; but in infants and younger children, prominent flushing and early appearance of maculopapular or urticarial eruption may be a useful indicator.

In Asia, several virus isolations have been made from severely ill children diagnosed as having haemorrhagic fever, similar to DHF.

Treatment

Supportive care with rest is indicated during the acute joint symptoms. Movement and mild exercise tend to improve stiffness and morning arthralgia, but heavy exercise may exacerbate rheumatic symptoms. In unresolved arthritis refractory to aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, chloroquine phosphate (250 mg/day) has given promising results.

Diagnosis

The definitive diagnosis can only be made by laboratory means, but CHIK should be suspected when epidemic disease occurs with the characteristic triad of fever, rash and rheumatic manifestations.

Virus isolation is readily accomplished by inoculation of mosquito cell culture, mosquito, mammalian cell culture or suckling mice. Viremia will be present in most patients during the first 48 hours of disease and may be detected as late as day 4 in some patients.

Virus-specific IgM antibodies are readily detected by capture ELISA in patients recovering from CHIK infection and they persist in excess of 6 months. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies appear with the cessation of viremia. All patients will be positive by day 5 to 7 of illness. Neutralization antibodies parallel HI antibodies.

Chikungunya IgM serology test is available in University Malaya.

DENGUE FEVER (DEMAM BERDARAH)

Dengue fever

Dengue fever (pronounced /ˈdɛŋgeɪ/ (BrE), /ˈdɛŋgiː/ (AmE)) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.[1] It is also known as breakbone fever. The geographical spread is similar to malaria, but unlike malaria, dengue is often found in urban areas of tropical nations, including Puerto Rico, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, India, Brazil, Vietnam, Guyana, Venezuela and Bangladesh. Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti (rarely Aedes albopictus) mosquito, which feeds during the day.


Signs and symptoms

This is manifested by a sudden onset of severe headache, muscle and joint pains (myalgias and arthralgias—severe pain gives it the name break-bone fever or bonecrusher disease), fever, and rash.[3] The dengue rash is characteristically bright red petechiae and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest; in some patients, it spreads to cover most of the body. There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Some cases develop much milder symptoms which can be misdiagnosed as influenza or other viral infection when no rash is present. Thus travelers from tropical areas may pass on dengue in their home countries inadvertently, having not been properly diagnosed at the height of their illness. Patients with dengue can pass on the infection only through mosquitoes or blood products and only while they are still febrile.

The classic dengue fever lasts about six to seven days, with a smaller peak of fever at the trailing end of the disease (the so-called biphasic pattern). Clinically, the platelet count will drop until the patient's temperature is normal.

Cases of DHF also show higher fever, variable haemorrhagic phenomena, thrombocytopenia, and haemoconcentration. A small proportion of cases lead to dengue shock syndrome (DSS) which has a high mortality rate.

[edit] Diagnosis

The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically. The classic picture is high fever with no localising source of infection, a petechial rash with thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia.

The WHO definition of dengue haemorrhagic fever has been in use since 1975; all four criteria must be fulfilled:[4]

1. Fever, bladder problem, constant headaches, severe dizziness and loss of appetite.
2. Hemorrhagic tendency (positive tourniquet test, spontaneous bruising, bleeding from mucosa, gingiva, injection sites, etc.; vomiting blood, or bloody diarrhea)
3. Thrombocytopenia (<100,000 platelets per mm³ or estimated as less than 3 platelets per high power field)
4. Evidence of plasma leakage (hematocrit more than 20% higher than expected, or drop in haematocrit of 20% or more from baseline following IV fluid, pleural effusion, ascites, hypoproteinemia)

Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue hemorrhagic fever plus:

* Weak rapid pulse,
* Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg)
* Cold, clammy skin and restlessness.

Serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies are available to confirm the diagnosis of dengue if clinically indicated.

[edit] Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy to tackle shock due to haemoconcentration and bleeding. Close monitoring of vital signs in critical period (between day 2 to day 7 of fever) is vital. Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration. Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is unable to maintain oral intake. A platelet transfusion is indicated in rare cases if the platelet level drops significantly (below 20,000) or if there is significant bleeding. The presence of melena may indicate internal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring platelet and/or red blood cell transfusion.

Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided as these drugs may worsen the bleeding tendency associated with some of these infections. Patients may receive paracetamol preparations to deal with these symptoms if dengue is suspected.[5]

[edit] Emerging treatments

Emerging evidence suggests that mycophenolic acid and ribavirin inhibit dengue replication. Initial experiments showed a fivefold increase in defective viral RNA production by cells treated with each drug.[6] In vivo studies, however, have not yet been done. Unlike HIV therapy, lack of adequate global interest and funding greatly hampers the development of treatment regime.

[edit] Epidemiology
World-wide dengue distribution, 2006. Red: Epidemic dengue. Blue: Aedes aegypti.
World-wide dengue distribution, 2000.

The first epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s. The disease was identified and named (see #History below) in 1779. A global pandemic began in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and by 1975 DHF had become a leading cause of death among many children in many countries in that region. Epidemic dengue has become more common since the 1980s. By the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, there being around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year. There was a serious outbreak in Rio de Janeiro in February 2002 affecting around one million people and killing sixteen.

On March 20, 2008, the secretary of health of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Sérgio Côrtes, announced that 23,555 cases of dengue, including 30 deaths, had been recorded in the state in less than three months. Côrtes said, "I am treating this as an epidemic because the number of cases is extremely high." Federal Minister of Health José Gomes Temporão also announced that he was forming a panel to respond to the situation. Cesar Maia, mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro, denied that there was serious cause for concern, saying that the incidence of cases was in fact declining from a peak at the beginning of February. [7] By April 3, 2008, the number of cases reported rose to 55,000 [8]

Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six months. The cyclicity in numbers of dengue cases is thought to be the result of seasonal cycles interacting with a short-lived cross-immunity for all four strains, in people who have had dengue (Wearing and Rohani 2006). When the cross-immunity wears off, the population is then more susceptible to transmission whenever the next seasonal peak occurs. Thus in the longer term of several years, there tend to remain large numbers of susceptible people in the population despite previous outbreaks because there are four different strains of the dengue virus and because of new susceptible individuals entering the target population, either through childbirth or immigration.

There is significant evidence, originally suggested by S.B. Halstead in the 1970s, that dengue hemorrhagic fever is more likely to occur in patients who have secondary infections by serotypes different from the primary infection. One model to explain this process is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which allows for increased uptake and virion replication during a secondary infection with a different strain. Through an immunological phenomenon, known as original antigenic sin, the immune system is not able to adequately respond to the stronger infection, and the secondary infection becomes far more serious.[9] This process is also known as superinfection.[10][11]

In Singapore, there are about 4,000–5,000 reported cases of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever every year. In the year 2003, there were six deaths from dengue shock syndrome.[citation needed] It is believed that the reported cases of dengue are an underrepresentation of all the cases of dengue as it would ignore subclinical cases and cases where the patient did not present for medical treatment. With proper medical treatment, the mortality rate for dengue can therefore be brought down to less than 1 in 1000

BIRD FLU

Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.

"Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "Swine flu", "Dog flu", "Horse flu", or "Human flu" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species: Influenza A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of Influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes avian flu virus is the Influenza A virus (note that the "A" does not stand for "avian").

Adaptation is non-exclusive. Being adapted towards a particular species does not preclude adaptations, or partial adaptations, towards infecting different species. In this way strains of influenza viruses are adapted to multiple species, though may be preferential towards a particular host. For example, viruses responsible for influenza pandemics are adapted to both humans and birds. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish Flu virus shows it to have genes adapted to both birds and humans; with more of its genes from birds than less deadly later pandemic strains.



Genetics

Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include:

PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine.
HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors. Hemagglutinin is the major antigen of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced and influenza virus epidemics are associated with changes in its antigenic structure.

Influenza pandemic

Pandemic flu viruses have some avian flu virus genes and usually some human flu virus genes. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible.[8] The Spanish flu virus strain may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans.[9]

In spite of their pandemic connection, avian influenza viruses are noninfectious for most species. When they are infectious they are usually asymptomatic, so the carrier does not have any disease from it. Thus while infected with an avian flu virus, the animal doesn't have a "flu". Typically, when illness (called "flu") from an avian flu virus does occur, it is the result of an avian flu virus strain adapted to one species spreading to another species (usually from one bird species to another bird species). So far as is known, the most common result of this is an illness so minor as to be not worth noticing (and thus little studied). But with the domestication of chickens and turkeys, humans have created species subtypes (domesticated poultry) that can catch an avian flu virus adapted to waterfowl and have it rapidly mutate into a form that kills in days over 90% of an entire flock and spread to other flocks and kill 90% of them and can only be stopped by killing every domestic bird in the area. Until H5N1 infected humans in the 1990s, this was the only reason avian flu was considered important. Since then, avian flu viruses have been intensively studied; resulting in changes in what is believed about flu pandemics, changes in poultry farming, changes in flu vaccination research, and changes in flu pandemic planning.

H5N1 has evolved into a flu virus strain that infects more species than any previously known flu virus strain, is deadlier than any previously known flu virus strain, and continues to evolve becoming both more widespread and more deadly causing Robert Webster, a leading expert on avian flu, to publish an article titled "The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population" in American Scientist. He called for adequate resources to fight what he sees as a major world threat to possibly billions of lives.[10] Since the article was written, the world community has spent billions of dollars fighting this threat with limited success.

MAD COW

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease (MCD), is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in cattle, that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord and also causes red eyes. BSE has a long incubation period, about 4 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years, all breeds being equally susceptible.[1] In the United Kingdom, the country worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication programme.[2]

It is believed by most scientists that the disease may be transmitted to human beings who eat the brain or spinal cord of infected carcasses.[3] In humans, it is known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD), and by April 2008, it had killed 164 people in Britain, and 40 elsewhere[4] with the number expected to rise because of the disease's long incubation period.[5] Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high-risk offal were introduced in 1989.[6]

A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was caused by cattle, who are normally herbivores, being fed the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM), which caused the infectious agent to spread.[7][8] The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures at which it remains viable; this contributed to the spread of the disease in Britain, which had reduced the temperatures used during its rendering process.[7] Another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

1) Simple Present Tense
Pengertian
Present tense adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal, keadaan atau pernyataan tentang :
a. Kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau terus menerus.
EX : I always go to school by bus every day.
My Father often drinks a cup of coffee in the morning.
They usually study English on Tuesdays.
b. Kebenaran Umum (general Truth)
Ex : The moon goes around the earth.
There are twenty four hours in a day.
The sun sets in the west.
c. Membenarkan hal akan datang, berkenaan dengan jadwal, program, acara atau kegiatan lain yang terencana atau berseri.
EX : The plane arrives at 09.00 o’clock.
The employee begins working at 08.00 o’clock.
The show starts with an attractive dancing.

Keterangan Waktu ( adverb of time ) atau frase keterangan yang digunakan di present tense.
Always , never , occasionally , often , sometimes , everywhere , on Monday , twice a year , usually , generally , ever , lately , frequently , seldom , etc.
a. Bentuk kalimat positif ( + )
Subject ( I/you/we/they) + verb 1 + O
Subject ( he/she/it) + verb 1 + O
EX : I drink coffee every morning.
He drinks coffee every night.
b. Bentuk Kalimat interogatif ( ? )
Do/Does + subject + verb 1 + ……….
EX : Do you always go to school by bus ?
Does she often read novel ?


Catatan :
Orang ketiga tunggal dalam simple present tense ( he ,she, my, mother, etc) kata kerjanya ditambah S atau ES dengan aturan berikut.
 Kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf y didahului huruf mati (konsonan) diubah menjadi I lalu ditambah es.
Contoh : Study = studies
Try = tries
Carry = carries.
 Kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan S , TH , SH , X , O ditambah es.
Contoh : miss = misses teach = teaches wish = wishes
Kiss = kisses box = boxes go = goes
 Kata – kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati ( konsonan) didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) dan yang tidak termasuk dalam kelompok a dan b hanya ditambah s.
Contoh : play = plays work = works
Visit = visits eat = eats

Present tense dengan question words
Question words + do/does + subject + verb 1 + ………
Ex : Where do they playing football every afternoon ?
When does she usually go to bed ?
How many time a week does she teach you English ?
Jika Question words menanyakan subjek atau menjadi subjek, maka susunannya adalah sebagai berikut :
Question words + verb 1 + (s/es) + subjek + ………
EX : Who teaches you English ?
Whose daughter usually goes to public library?
Contoh :
Mr Andre: What does your sister do every afternoon?
Elisabeth: My sister ….
A. Studies French.
B. Studies English.
C. Takes dutch test.
D. Has latin test.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat soal yang berpola simple present tense , yaitu :
S ( orang ketiga tunggal ) + V1 + s + O +….
Doctor : Good morning, Dista. How are you ?
Dista : Good morning, doctor. I’m fine thank you.
Doctor : Do you eat vegetables and fruits every day? You…than before.
A. Seem happy.
B. Look more fresh.
C. Feel great.
D. Appear fat.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar bahwa dista kelihatan lebih segar daripada sebelumnya karena dia makan sayur-sayuran dan buah – buahan setiap setiap hari.

2. Simple Past Tense
Pengertian
Simple Past tense adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal ,keadaan, atau kejadian pada masa lampau.
Bentuk Kalimat : Subject + Verb2 + Object
Kata kerja past tense untuk subjek ketiga tunggal tidak pernah mendapat tambahan s/es.
Ex : He drank two glasses of beer yesterday. ( bukan he dranks two
Glasses of beer yesterday).

Penggunaannya
 Untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau keadaan pada masa yang sudah lewat. EX : We visited our grandmother a week ago.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau. EX : My cat slept on the sofa last night.
Uncle asked me to come yesterday.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan di waktu lampau. EX : we went to London for 6 months.

Bentuk negative ( - ) dan Interogatif ( ? )
 Bentuk Negative ( - )
Subjek + did + not + verb 1
Ex : Santi did not go to Bogor yesterday.
I did not come to his party last week.
 Bentuk Kalimat Interogatif ( ? )
Did + Subject + verb 1
Ex : Did you call me last night ?
Did she visit you last month ?
Simple Past Tense dengan Question words

Question words + did + Subject + Verb1 + ………
Ex : Where did he buy a car last week ?

Question words + Verb2 + ………
Ex : Who call him last night ?
Who send me a gift yesterday ?

Keterangan waktu ( time signals )
- Yesterday - an hour…… ago
- yesterday morning - …… ago
- last night - this morning
- last week - just now
- last ……

Contoh :
Andi : Hello San, where did you buy this hand phone yesterday?
Santi : Hi, Andi. I ……… it at Roxy.
A. Bought
B. Was buying
C. Am buying
D. Have bought
Answer key: A
Pilihan A benar karena merupakan kalimat berpola simple past tense yang mengunakan kata kerja kedua.


Eno : Congratulation , you were the winner of champion last week.
Santi : Thank you , I ……… of it.
A. An happy
B. Was proud
C. Am satisfied
D. Was being happy
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat berpola simple past tense
( S + V2 + O + ………)

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

1) Simple Present Tense
Pengertian
Present tense adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal, keadaan atau pernyataan tentang :
a. Kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau terus menerus.
EX : I always go to school by bus every day.
My Father often drinks a cup of coffee in the morning.
They usually study English on Tuesdays.
b. Kebenaran Umum (general Truth)
Ex : The moon goes around the earth.
There are twenty four hours in a day.
The sun sets in the west.
c. Membenarkan hal akan datang, berkenaan dengan jadwal, program, acara atau kegiatan lain yang terencana atau berseri.
EX : The plane arrives at 09.00 o’clock.
The employee begins working at 08.00 o’clock.
The show starts with an attractive dancing.

Keterangan Waktu ( adverb of time ) atau frase keterangan yang digunakan di present tense.
Always , never , occasionally , often , sometimes , everywhere , on Monday , twice a year , usually , generally , ever , lately , frequently , seldom , etc.
a. Bentuk kalimat positif ( + )
Subject ( I/you/we/they) + verb 1 + O
Subject ( he/she/it) + verb 1 + O
EX : I drink coffee every morning.
He drinks coffee every night.
b. Bentuk Kalimat interogatif ( ? )
Do/Does + subject + verb 1 + ……….
EX : Do you always go to school by bus ?
Does she often read novel ?


Catatan :
Orang ketiga tunggal dalam simple present tense ( he ,she, my, mother, etc) kata kerjanya ditambah S atau ES dengan aturan berikut.
 Kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf y didahului huruf mati (konsonan) diubah menjadi I lalu ditambah es.
Contoh : Study = studies
Try = tries
Carry = carries.
 Kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan S , TH , SH , X , O ditambah es.
Contoh : miss = misses teach = teaches wish = wishes
Kiss = kisses box = boxes go = goes
 Kata – kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati ( konsonan) didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) dan yang tidak termasuk dalam kelompok a dan b hanya ditambah s.
Contoh : play = plays work = works
Visit = visits eat = eats

Present tense dengan question words
Question words + do/does + subject + verb 1 + ………
Ex : Where do they playing football every afternoon ?
When does she usually go to bed ?
How many time a week does she teach you English ?
Jika Question words menanyakan subjek atau menjadi subjek, maka susunannya adalah sebagai berikut :
Question words + verb 1 + (s/es) + subjek + ………
EX : Who teaches you English ?
Whose daughter usually goes to public library?
Contoh :
Mr Andre: What does your sister do every afternoon?
Elisabeth: My sister ….
A. Studies French.
B. Studies English.
C. Takes dutch test.
D. Has latin test.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat soal yang berpola simple present tense , yaitu :
S ( orang ketiga tunggal ) + V1 + s + O +….
Doctor : Good morning, Dista. How are you ?
Dista : Good morning, doctor. I’m fine thank you.
Doctor : Do you eat vegetables and fruits every day? You…than before.
A. Seem happy.
B. Look more fresh.
C. Feel great.
D. Appear fat.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar bahwa dista kelihatan lebih segar daripada sebelumnya karena dia makan sayur-sayuran dan buah – buahan setiap setiap hari.

2. Simple Past Tense
Pengertian
Simple Past tense adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal ,keadaan, atau kejadian pada masa lampau.
Bentuk Kalimat : Subject + Verb2 + Object
Kata kerja past tense untuk subjek ketiga tunggal tidak pernah mendapat tambahan s/es.
Ex : He drank two glasses of beer yesterday. ( bukan he dranks two
Glasses of beer yesterday).

Penggunaanya
 Untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau keadaan pada masa yang sudah lewat. EX : We visited our grandmother a week ago.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau. EX : My cat slept on the sofa last night.
Uncle asked me to come yesterday.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan di waktu lampau. EX : we went to London for 6 months.

Bentuk negative ( - ) dan Interogatif ( ? )
 Bentuk Negative ( - )
Subjek + did + not + verb 1
Ex : Santi did not go to Bogor yesterday.
I did not come to his party last week.
 Bentuk Kalimat Interogatif ( ? )
Did + Subject + verb 1
Ex : Did you call me last night ?
Did she visit you last month ?
Simple Past Tense dengan Question words

Question words + did + Subject + Verb1 + ………
Ex : Where did he buy a car last week ?

Question words + Verb2 + ………
Ex : Who call him last night ?
Who send me a gift yesterday ?

Keterangan waktu ( time signals )
- Yesterday - an hour…… ago
- yesterday morning - …… ago
- last night - this morning
- last week - just now
- last ……

Contoh :
Andi : Hello San, where did you buy this hand phone yesterday?
Santi : Hi, Andi. I ……… it at Roxy.
A. Bought
B. Was buying
C. Am buying
D. Have bought
Answer key: A
Pilihan A benar karena merupakan kalimat berpola simple past tense yang mengunakan kata kerja kedua.


Eno : Congratulation , you were the winner of champion last week.
Santi : Thank you , I ……… of it.
A. An happy
B. Was proud
C. Am satisfied
D. Was being happy
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat berpola simple past tense
( S + V2 + O + ………)

Student's contribution

A TRIP TO BOGOR
By: Angeline W (VIIIF)

Last holiday I went to Bogor with my family and some of my friends. We went to Bogor by car.
We started at 5.00 PM. We had a long trip. At 7.30 we dropped in for a while to eat. We ate in a Javanese restaurant. After that, we continued the trip. At 8.00 PM arrived in Bogor, and then we went to Villa Paloma Bianca to stay overnight. It was nice there.
The next day we went to Lembang. That was a tiring trip. We arrived at the other villa at 05.00 pm. We played so many games. We enjoyed it. And the next day, we went to Kawah Putih. It was an exiting experience.
Then we went home. I was tired but happy.

To all of My Students

Thank you for visiting my blog.
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to entertain you all.

I do hope that my blog will be able to be a bridge
among us. You can communicate with me through this blog.
You'll get a lot of important things dealing with English Lesson
and everything. OK?

Verb Tense Exercise 5

Simple Past / Present Perfect

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"
B: I don't know. I (see, never)_________that movie.

2. Sam (arrive) _________ in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I (know) _________ each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) _________ ten very creative short stories the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

5. I (have, not) _________ this much fun since I (be) _________ a kid.

6. Things (change) _________ a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) _________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only) _________ six employees. Since then, we (expand) _________ to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7. I (tell) _______ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)_________ off into the forest and (be)_______ bitten by a snake.

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)_________ the bus this morning. You (be) _____ late to work too many times. You are fired!

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) _________ the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

10. How sad! George (dream) _________ of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never) _________ the ocean.

11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) _________ much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) _________ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) _________ very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) _________ a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) _________ since the last time I (see) you. You (grow) _________ at least a foot!

13. This tree (be) _________ planted by the settlers who (found) _________ our city over four hundred years ago.

14. This mountain (be, never) _________ climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try) _________to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) _________ . The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die) _________ trying to reach the summit.

15. I (visit, never) _________ Africa, but I (travel) _________ to South America several times. The last time I (go) _________ to South America, I (visit) _________ Brazil and Peru. I (spend) _________ two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) _________ for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly) _________ over the Nazca Lines.
Check

Test Yourselves

Using the words in the parentheses , complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ________ her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work)________ as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)________ French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ________ .

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ____________ .

5. I hate living in Seattle because it ________(rain, always) .

6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) ________ because everybody (talk) _________ so loudly.

7. Justin(write, currently) ________ a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) ________ to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be, normally) ________ printed by a company in New York. Their prices (be) _____ inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate (be) ________ made by a small factory in Zürich, Switzerland.





Simple Present / Present Continuous
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.


Today (be)______the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my legs (shake)______ ; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) ______ me and my toes (bleed) ______ , but I (want, still)______ to continue.

Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) _____ so different, and I (try)______ to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) ______ a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) ______ foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) ______ much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually) ______ .

I (travel, currently)_________ with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be) ______ a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) _________ ahead of me and (complain) _________ that I am too slow. I (do) ______ my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.

Right now, Liam (sit) ______ with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) ______ the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) ______ the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) _________ him Tam. Tam (speak) ______ English very well and he (try) ______ to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say)______ a new word, Liam (try) ______ to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) _________ to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.






Verb Tense Exercise 3
Simple Past / Past Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: What (you, do)_________when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) ______ to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I (find) ______ the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) _________ to the police and (turn) it in.

3. The doctor (say) _____ that Tom (be) _____ too sick to go to work and that he (need) _______ to stay at home for a couple of days.

4. Sebastian (arrive) _________ at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) _________ there. She (study, at the library) _________ for her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) _________ television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I (call) _______ you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) _______ there. Where were you?
B: I (work) _______ out at the fitness center.

7. When I (walk) _________ into the busy office, the secretary (talk) _______ on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) _______ at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) _________ methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch) _______ a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.

9. Sharon (be) ______ in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) _____.

10. It's strange that you (call) _______ because I (think, just) _______ about you.

11. The Titanic (cross) _______ the Atlantic when it (strike) _______ an iceberg.

12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) _______ and (try) ______ to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)_______ for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) _______ their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) ______ over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) _______ over to a man who (sell) ______ fruit and (buy) _______ a banana.

13. The firemen (rescue) _______ the old woman who (be) _____ trapped on the third floor of the burning building.

14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always)_________ her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect, actually) _________ me to do them for her.

15. Samantha (live) _______ in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) ______ there when the Berlin Wall came down.
Check





Verb Tense Exercise 4
Simple Past / Past Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call)_______. She said she (call)_______ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) _______ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) _______ to me. I couldn't believe she (make) _______ a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.

Used to / didn't use to

Used to / didn't use to
When talking about things that we did in the past but don't do now we can use the expression used to. The negative form, to talk about things which we didn't do in the past but do now, is didn't use to.

Positive sentences

I used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.
I used to eat loads of junk food.
Negative sentences: I didn't use to do any exercise.
I didn't use to swim very well.

All pronouns take
used to / didn't use to


I
You
She
He
It
We
They
used to / didn't use to eat a lot of sweets.
eat meat.
live in the city.
have long hair.


Used to and didn't use to are only used to talk about past habits. There is no present form. To talk about present habits we can use the present simple. When using these structures there are often two parts to the sentence, something about the past and something about the present, for example:

I used to drive to work but now I go by car.
I didn't use to like coffee but I love it now.

Unless

Unless with a subject and verb means only if or except if in positive and negative sentences. The other part of the sentence gives the possible result.

possible result	unless	subject and verb
I'm not going to dance	unless	you ask me.
I won't go by car	unless	it's a long way.
We can go to the park	unless	someone has a better idea.

unless	subject and verb	possible result
Unless	we're there by 8 o'clock	we won't get anything to eat.
Unless	Elena wants to take a taxi	we can go by bus.
Unless	you tell me who broke the cup	I will make you pay for it.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns like everybody and anyone take singular verbs. Some nouns which end with –s, like news, and diabetes – are actually singular. Other words like data and media are plural, and collective nouns like team, government and group can be singular or plural.

Rule	Some nouns which follow this rule	Example sentence
Some indefinite pronouns have a plural meaning, but take singular verbs	everybody, anyone, everything	Everybody is in hospital
Some nouns which end with –s are singular	mathematics, physics, rabies, diabetes, news	Rabies is on the increase
Some nouns which don't end with –s are plural	people, children, data, media	The media have collected more data
Some collective nouns can be singular and plural	family, team, police, group, government, jury	The jury has found the defendant guilty The jury are having a discussion

Hi, students...

How are you everybody? It's been a long time not to see each other. I miss you all. How's your holiday? Where did you spend the two weeks holiday? Did you go to Bali, Jogja, Singapore or USA? Wherever you go, whatever you do.... I just hope that you enjoy your time. So...see you at school tomorrow morning.