English Corner

Miss Universe 2011

2011-09-14T07:47:00.000-07:00

Akhirnya Leila Lopes, Miss Angola, terpilih sebagai Miss Universe 2011. Ini merupakan prestasi luar biasa yg dicapai wakil dari benua hitam tersebut.Penyematan selempang dan penyerahan mahkota dilakukan oleh Miss Universe 2010, Jimena Navarrete.

Saat sesi tanya jawab untuk Top 5, pertanyaan yang diajukan untuk Miss Angola, "Jika Anda mendapat kesempatan merubah karakteristik fisik Anda, apa yang ingin Anda ubah dan mengapa?" Jawaban yang sempurna dari Miss Angola Leila Lopes diawali dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan, lalu ia melanjutkan, "Saya sangat puas dengan apa yang sudah Tuhan ciptakan pada diri saya dan saya tidak akan mengubah apapun. Saya cantik dan berprinsip."

Luar biasa memang, jawaban yg diberikan oleh Leila Lopes, sehingga dewan juri amat terkesan dan sepakat memilihnya sebagai Miss Universe 2011.

Dalam jajak pendapat, Leila meraih skor 7.0, skor tersebut lebih rendah dari Miss Filipina Shamcey Supsup yang mendapat skor 7.5. Namun meskipun menang di voting pemirsa, Miss Filipina harus puas berada di urutan runner-up ketiga.

Ajang Miss Universe 2011 ini juga memberikan penghargaan khusus yakni gelar Miss Congeniality, Miss Photogenic dan Best National Costume. Mereka yang menyabet penghargaan khusus adalah Miss Montenegro, Miss Swedia dan Miss Panama.

Ajang Miss Universe 2011 disiarkan langsung stasiun TV NBC di Credicard Hall, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Senin (12 September) malam. Saluran TV Kabel Star World juga telah menayangkan ajang tersebut pada Selasa 13 September pukul 09.00 WIB. Ajang ke-60 ini dipandu Andy Cohen dan Natalie Morales.

Selamat untuk Leila. Dia telah membuktikan dunia, bahwa Afrika pun berprestasi di ajang kecantikan dunia tersebut. Bravo!

Istri Saiful Jamil Meninggal Dalam Kecelakaan

2011-09-05T03:42:00.001-07:00

Kabar Istri Saiful Jamil Meninggal telah dibenarkan oleh Kepala Humas Jasa Marga Purbaleunyi, Iwan Mulyawan ketika dikonfirmasi Sabtu (3/9) siang. Dijelaskannya, bahwa kecelakaan istri Saiful Jamil tersebut terjadi kira-kira jam 10.00 WIB. "Saiful dibawa ke rumah sakit di Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Ia mengalami luka-luka," ungkapnya ketika di hubungi via telp.

Kecelakaan Saiful Jamil beserta istrinya tersebut menelan korban jiwa satu korban. Ia adalah Virginia yang adalah istri Saipul Jamiel. "Kabar yang kami dapat itu istrinya. Saiful Jamil sekarang sudah dibawa ke rumah duka di Bandung," Ungkap Iwan. Hingga kini, baik Saiful Jamil dan tim manajemennya belum dapat untuk dimintai keterangan mengenai peristiwa ini.

Adanya berita artis istri Saiful Jamil meninggal dunia ini merupakan sebuah berita yang sangat mengejutkan banyak pihak, Karena kita semua tahu kalau Saipul dan istrinya yang bernama Virginia baru saja melangsungkan menikah pada tanggl 10 Maret 2011 lalu. Marilah kita semua berdoa agar amal ibadah beliau diterima disisi Allah.SWT. Amin. Sumber berita istri saiful jamil meninggal ini metrotvnews.com.

Linking Verbs

2011-08-08T07:45:00.000-07:00

Linking Verbs
Linking verbs adalah verba penghubung yang menghubungkan subjek dengan complement (pelengkap) yang menerangkannya, bisa noun complement atau adjective complement. Sering digunakan untuk menggantikan to be dan dipakai untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan panca indra (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) atau keadaan (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain, keep, stay, go, run).

Linking verbs juga dikenal dengan istilah copulas atau copular verbs.

Contoh dalam kalimat:
- I feel happy.
- I keep health.
- The soup smells good.
- This food tastes delicious.
- She looks very beautiful.
- The music sounds slow.
- He becomes old.
- The traffic lights turned green and I pulled away.
- He became recognized as the leading authority on the subject.
- His face turned purple.
- She became older.
- The dogs ran wild.
- The milk has gone sour.
- The crowd grew ugly.

Linking verbs selalu intransitive (tetapi tidak semua intransitive verbs adalah linking verbs).

To be juga disebut linking verbs, seperti pada contoh berikut ini:
- The crew’s mission is to create the best topographic map of Earth.
- The solution was judges who would mete out longer prison sentences.
- Leonardo said, “I am the king of the world.”

Tetapi to be juga tidak selalu berperan sebagai linking verbs, contoh:
- Nyoko was crossing a bridge when the earthquake hit.
- Margaret Ann was feeling tired.

PARTS OF SPEECH

2011-07-26T03:10:00.000-07:00

Verbs

Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan. Verbs biasanya menjadi Predikat dari suatu kalimat.

Contoh:
• Henry comes from London.
• My brother studies in America.
• She is very beautiful.
• They are diligent.
________________________________________
Macam-macam Kata Kerja
________________________________________
1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

Ciri-ciri Kata Kerja Jenis ini adalah sebagai berikut:
• Bila dipakai dalam kalimat tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, doesatau did.
• Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tense.
• Biasanya mempunyai bentuk-bentuk:
• Infinitive
• Present Participle
• Gerund
• Past Tense
• Present Tense
• Past Participle
Contoh:
• Ms. Anne reads a novel. (Infinitive)
• Ms. Anne is reading a novel. (Present Participle)
• Does Ms. Anne read a novel?
• Ms. Anne read a novel. (Past Tense)
• Ms. Anne has read a novel. (Past Participle)
2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)

Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakantindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal.

Kata Kerja Auxiliary adalah:
• Is, am, are
• Was, were
• Do, does, did
• Has, have, had
• Can, could
• May, might
• Will, would
• Shall, should
• Must
• Ought to
• Had better
• Need, Dare (Dapat juga berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Biasa)
3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Jika kata Kerja Penghubung tersebut kita gantikan dengan be (am, is, are, was, dll.), maka maknanya tidak berubah.

Linking Verbs yang umum adalah:
• be (am, is, are, was, dll.)
• look
• stay
• appear
• become
• remain
• taste
• feel
• seem
• smell
• grow
• sound
Contoh:
• The actress is beautiful.
• Alex looks serious. (= Alex is serious).
• The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).
4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll

Contoh:
• He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
• The man cuts the tree.
5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Contoh:
• The baby cries.
• My mother is sleeping.
• The water boils.
Catatan:
• Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.
Contoh:
• He drops his bottles. (transitif)
• The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
• They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
• Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)
Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:
• He played the fool. (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh. (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep. (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death. (Dia mati melarat).
Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:
• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.
Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.
Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:
• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing
Contoh:
• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.
6. Regular & Irregular Verbs

Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.

Contoh perubahan Kata Kerja jenis ini adalah:
• Call - called - called
• Admit - admitted - admitted
• Submit - submitted - submitted
• Invite - invited - invited
Irregular Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb, tetapi perubahan bentuk kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.

Contoh perubahan kata kerja jenis ini adalah:
• Read - Read - Read
• Come - came - come
• Begin - began - begun
• Sleep - slept - slept

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Adverb

Adverb atau kata keterangan adalah kata yang memberikan penjelasan mengenai tempat, waktu dan cara suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa itu terjadi. Contoh : here, now, softly, loudly, tomorrow, again, twice, never,dll.
Adverb juga didefinisikan sebagai kata yang menjelaskan kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), kata depan (preposition) dan kata lainnya kecuali kata benda (noun) dan kata ganti (pronoun).

Contoh :
a. I am working now.
(kata now dalam kalimat tersebut adalah keterangan waktu yang menerangkan kata kerja working).
b. Hendi speaks loudly.
(kata loudly dalam kalimat tersebut menerangkan bagaimana cara Hendi berbicara).
c. Wenny never comes before dinner.
(kata never dalam kalimat tersebut merupakan keterangan petunjuk frequensi/keseringan).

Macam Adverb (Types of Adverb).

a. Adverb of Time.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu pekerjaan, tindakan atau peristiwa tersebut. Contoh : afterwards(kemudian, sesuadah itu, lalu), already (sudah), before (lebih dahulu, sebelum), frequently (seringkali), now (sekarang), today (hari ini), soon(segera), immediately (segera), lately (akhir-akhir ini), yesterday(kemarin), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
I’am stydying english now. (Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggrissekarang).
Untuk membantu menunjukkan Adverb of Time, kita bisa mengajukan pertanyaan dengan kata “when” (kapan).

b. Adverb of Place.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tempat terjadinya suatu perbuatan, tindakan atau peristiwa tersebut. Contoh : above (di atas), back (di belakang), below (di bawah), around (sekeliling), here (di sini), somewhere (di suatu tempat), everywhere (dimana-mana), there (di sana), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
She studies English here. (Ia belajar bahasa Inggris di sini).
Untuk membantu menunjukkan Adverb of Place, kita bisa mengajukan pertanyaan dengan kata “where” (di mana).

c. Adverb of Manner.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang mengungkapkan bagaimana caranya suatu pekerjaan itu dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa itu terjadi. Contoh : carefully (dengan hati-hati), fluently (dengan lancar), hard(dengan keras), fast (dengan cepat), slowly (dengan lambat, secara perlahan-lahan), suddenly (tiba-tiba), together (bersama-sama), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
They worked hard. (Mereka bekerja dengan keras).
Untuk membantu menunjukkan Adverb of Manner, kita bisa mengajukan pertanyaan dengan kata “how” (bagaimana).

d. Adverb of Degree.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang mengungkapkan sampai seberapa jauh (tingkat atau derajad) suatu keadaan atau peristiwa itu. Lazimnya menerangkan/memodifikasi adjective/kata sifat atau adverb itu sendiri. Contoh : almost (hampir), enough (cukup), fairly (agak/digunakan untuk pernyataan positif), rather (agak/digunakan untuk pernyataan negatif),nearly (hampir), very (sangat), too (terlalu), only (hanya), quite (sungguh), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
1) She is very pretty girl. (Ia seorang gadis yang sangat manis).
Adverb very menerangkan Adjective pretty.
2) I quite understand. (Saya sangat mengerti).

e. Adverb of Frequency.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang menyatakan jumlah atau berapa banyaknya suatu pekerjaan, tindakan atau peristiwa itu dilakukan.
1) adverb of quantity.
Biasanya untuk menentukan adverb of quantity kita mengajukan pertanyaan dengan kata “how often”.
Contoh : always (selalu), usually (biasanya), never (tidak pernah),ever (pernah), sometimes (kadang-kadang), seldom (jarang),generally (umumnya), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
Andi always drinks milk every night. (Andi selalu minum susu setiap malam).
2) adverb of number.
Biasanya untuk menentukan adverb of number kita mengajukan pertanyaan dengan kata “how many times” (berapa kali).
Contoh : once (sekali), twice (dua kali), thrice (tiga kali), half(setengah), twofold (dua kali lipat), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
He eats twice every day. (Ia makan dua kali tiap hari).

f. Adverb of Affirmation.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang menyatakan penegasan, penekanan atau mengiyakan jawaban. Contoh : certainly (tentulah),naturally (tentu saja), surely (pastilah), of course (tentulah), absolutely(secara mutlak), dsb.
Contoh aplikasi dalam kalimat :
Of course she can speak English. (Tentu ia dapat bicara bahasa Inggris).
Istilah lain untuk adverb of affirmation ialah adverb of certainty.

g. Interrogative Adverb.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang turut membentuk pertanyaan. Masing-masing adverb jenis ini berhubungan dengan adverb lainnya.
Contoh :
1) How did he go?
How merupakan interrogative adverb of manner.
2) Where did he go?
Where merupakan interrogative adverb of place.

h. Relative Adverb.
Merupakan kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dua klausa dalam sebuah kalimat. Kata-katanya sama denganinterrogative adverb, perbedaanya hanya pada letak posisinya, yaknirelative adverb biasanya ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (diantara dua klausa), sedangkan interrogative adverb di awal kalimat.
Contoh :
1) I asked him how he went.
How adalah relative adverb of manner.
2) I asked him where he went.
Where adalah relative adverb of place.

3. KESIMPULAN

Adverb sebagai salah satu bagian perkataan yang diucapkan (Parts of Speech) dalam tata Bahasa Inggris (grammar) adalah merupakan salah satu dari banyak hal yang harus diketahui dalam mempelajari Bahasa Inggris. Adverb merupakan kata yang menjelaskan kata kerja, kata sifat dan kata lainnya kecuali kata benda (noun) dan kata ganti (pronoun). Ada bermacam-macam bentuk adverb yang dikategorikan berdasarkan fungsi atau penggunaannya. Dengan mengetahui adverb, baik bentuk, arti serta aplikasinya diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu modal dalam mempelajari Bahasa Inggris secara baik dan benar.

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NOUNS atau Kata Benda

Kata benda atau dalam bahasa inggris disebut NOUNS adalah semua kata yang menunjukkan benda. Mengapa sih belajar bahasa inggris harus tahu kata benda segala? tidak langsung saja belajar berbicara, menulis atau bercakap-cakap?. Ya, sebenarnya langsung praktek juga bisa, namun dengan mengerti istilah-istilahnya, dengan mengerti bagaimana komponen tata bahasa digunakan maka bahasa inggris anda akan bertambah baik, bahkan untuk mengembangkan ketrampilan bahasa inggris secara mandiri pun akan terasa jauh lebih mudah jika anda menguasai hal ini. Belajar bahasa inggris dimanapun dan dengan siapapun atau membaca buku pelajaran bahasa inggris apapun akan terasa mudah bagi Anda nanti. Percayalah pada saya, karena saya telah mengalaminya.
• Nanti akan terasa di pelajaran bahasa inggris yang lebih advance, ketika saya bilang NOUNS sebagai SUBJECT maka anda sebaiknya sudah punya gambaran apa itu NOUNS. Jelas, ini akan mempermudah dan mempercepat proses belajar bahasa inggris anda di level selanjutnya bukan?
• Ok, NOUNS dalam garis besar terdiri dari 2 bagian:
• Yang pertama bahasa inggrisnya CONCRETE NOUNS, atau dalam bahasa indonesia disebut kata benda konkret, maksudnya adalah benda-benda yang dapat dilihat, dapat diraba. Contohnya: meja (table), kursi (chair), phone, computer, dan sebagainya.
• Yang kedua adalah ABSTRACT NOUNS atau kata benda abstrak. Yaitu kata benda juga, namun tidak bisa diraba dan dilihat alias tak berwujud. Contohnya: freedom (kemerdekaan, kebebasan), happiness (kebahagiaan), education (pendidikan), competition (persaingan), action (tindakan), dan sebagainya. Tentu saja, bukan hanya dalam bahasa inggris ada kata benda abstrak tetapi juga dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita jarang mempelajarinya. Dengan pengetahuan ini, nanti kita akan bisa membuat suatu kalimat dengan subject abstract noun seperti: Action speaks louder than words.
• Nah, bagaimana kalau “angin” ? termasuk yang mana ? Concrete atau Abstract Nouns?
• –
• Kita kembali pada CONCRETE NOUNS.
Concrete Nouns dalam bahasa inggris ini masih dipecah-pecah lagi menjadi 4 bagian. Yaitu: Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Material Nouns, dan Collective Nouns. Istilahnya semua masih dalam bahasa inggris. Akan saya terangkan satu per satu di bawah ini.
• Poper Nouns adalah kata benda tentang nama tertentu, dan diawali dengan huruf besar, seperti nama orang, nama kota, nama negara, universitas, nama gedung, nama toko, nama perusahaan, dan sebagainya. Contohnya: Joko, Mufli, John Lennon, Tokyo, Grand Hyatt, White House.
• Common Nouns, atau kata benda umum yaitu kata benda yang sangat umum, seperti: football (sepak bola), student (pelajar, murid), village (desa), dan sebagainya.
• Material Nouns, atau kata benda material, yaitu tentang kata benda yang berasal dari sumber alam atau merupakan materi lainnya, seperti gold (emas), silver (perak), plant (tanaman), iron (besi), dan sebagainya.
• Yang terakhir Collective Nouns atau kata benda kolektif. Tentu saja artinya kata benda yang mengandung arti kumpulan, koleksi atau yang mengandung arti majemuk. Contohnya: committee (komite, panitia), group (kelompok orang), class (kelompok murid atau siswa), audience (hadirin, penonton, majelis).
• Itulah macam-macam kata benda konkret atau bahasa inggrisnya CONCRETE NOUNS. Tak harus Anda hafalkan kok, tetapi sekali baca anda hendaklah punya gambaran yang jelas, dan percayalah walau kita belajar bahasa inggris secara bertele-tele seperti ini, nanti bahasa inggris anda akan sangat mantap, kecuali kalau anda tidak sabaran dan melahap semua pelajaran bahasa inggris sekaligus kemudian hanya bisa sedikit-sedikit. Jika hanya bisa sedikit sedikit bahasa inggris ini, maka biasanya manfaatnya sangat-sangat kurang.
• –
• Sekarang kita kembali pada ABSTRACT NOUNS atau Kata benda abstrak (yang tak dapat dilihat dan diraba).
• Baik dalam bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa inggris, kata benda abstrak ini bisa dibentuk dari kata kerja. Misalnya : bertindak (menjadi tindakan), menghayal (menjadi hayalan), belajar (menjadi pelajaran), dan sebagainya. Demikian pula dalam bahasa inggris. Nah, dalam bahasa inggris anda harus menghafalnya, itulah yang sangat mudah!, hehe..
• Mengapa saya bilang “itulah yang mudah”? loh, buat apa bilang “itulah yang susah!”, toh cuma bilang saja apa susahnya kita bilang mudah, nanti jadi mudah beneran. Itulah kunci belajar bahasa inggris, jangan bilang bahasa inggis itu susah, nanti jadi susah betulan hoi!. Toh untuk bilang mudah atau susah kan sama saja waktu dan energi yang kita keluarkan, dan untuk bilang susah atau mudah juga gratis saja, namun efeknya jauh berbeda, kalau dibilang sulit nanti akan membuat kita malas dan tak bisa bahasa inggris, kalau dibilang mudah nanti akan membuat kita bersemangat dan pada akhirnya lebih mudah untuk bisa betulan bahasa inggris. Kalau begitu, bilang saja “bahasa inggris itu sangat mudah”. Setuju ya?
• Ok, kata benda abstrak yang berasal dari kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris mempunyai ciri-ciri.
• Contoh kata kerja yang menjadi kata benda abstract yang ditambahi akhiran -ion, -tion, -ation misalnya: inform (menjadi information), imagine (menjadi imagination), explain (menjadi explanation). Memang, rumusnya tak ada yang pasti, karena itulah saya bilang anda harus menghafal. Jika anda sering memakainya dalam ucapan atau tulisan atau sering dipraktekkan maka tentu saja bahasa inggris ini akan nempel. Sama saja dengan bahasa indonesia bukan? misalnya terbang menjadi penerbangan, meniru menjadi tiruan, dan sebagainya.
• Ada juga yang diakhir dengan -ment. Contohnya: agree (menjadi aggreement), pay (menjadi payment), move (menjadi movement) dan sebagainya.
• Ada yang diakhiri dengan -ence atau -ance seperti assist (menjadi assistance), differ (menjadi difference), enter (menjadi enterance), dan sebagainya.
• Masih banyak sekali akhiran-akhiran lain, seperti -s, -se-, -cy dan sebagainya. Saran saya anda membeli buku Tata Bahasa Inggris atau English Grammar, biasanya di buku Tata Bahasa Inggris yang lengkap terdapat tabel tentang abstract nouns ini.
• Bisa juga kata benda abstrak berasal dari kata sifat. Misalnya safe (menjadi safety), real (menjadi reality), happy (menjadi happiness), important (menjadi importance), beautiful (menjadi beauty), hungry (malah menjadi hunger), memang membingungkan keculai anda sering menggunakan kata-kata ini dalam praktek bahasa inggris.
• –
• Penggunaan Kata Benda Dalam Kalimat
• Ingat, pelajran yang lalu tentang berbedaan kata dan kalimat ya?. Nah, jika Anda memang belajar bahasa inggris secara bertahap, maka adalah benar jika anda menguasai pelajaran sebelumnya maka pelajaran yang lebih advance setelahnya akan mudah anda mengerti, sebaliknya jika anda tidak belajar bahasa inggris secara sistematis maka akan pusing sendiri, dan karena itulah kebanyak orang tak bisa bahasa inggris dengan baik. Wah kena deh sebagian orang ya, hehehe…
• Ok, Kata bisa merupakan kata gabung (gabungan beberapa kata) dan dalam bahasa inggris harus dibalik karena menganut sistem MD(Menerangkan Diterangkan). Tapi kalau kalimat tidak boleh dibalik loh ya, ingat lagi pelajaran tentang Perbedaan Kata dan Kalimat please.
• Di dalam kalimat, kata benda selalu berada di beberapa posisi, yaitu sebagai SUBJECT atau sebagai OBJECT atau object dari kata keterangan, atau object pelengkap. Ingat rumua kalimat selalu ada SUBJECT, PREDIKAT dan OBJEK/KETERANGAN. predikat bisa kata kerja, kata kerja bantu.
• Contohnya:
• Joko watches TV (Joko nonton TV).
• Anda lihat, Joko dan TV adalah kata benda. Perhatikan susunannya tidak dibalik, karena kalimat. Ini yang bikin bingung banyak orang. Makanya saya jelaskan ulang-ulang.
• Sekarang anda lihat contoh Kalimat dengan kata gabung:
• Joko watches new TV (Joko nonton TV baru), maksudnya TV nya yang baru.
• Anda lihat: Joko adalah Subject. watches (nonton) adalah Predikat. Sedangkan new TV adalah Objek kalimat tersebut. Perhatikan new TV dibalik, bukan TV new.
• Berikut ini contoh kata benda abstract dalam kalimat:
• Education is very important (pendidikan sangat penting).
• Action speaks louder then words (Tindakan berbicara lebih keras dari kata-kata). Ini ungkapan kok, yang artinya tindakan lebih baik dari pada ngomong doang.
• Dalam pelajaran bahasa inggris lainnya di website ini, kita akan banyak menggunakan istilah NOUNS atau kata benda, pastikan waktu disebut NOUNS anda punya gambaran yang jelas, seperti apa kata benda dan contoh-contohnya. Misalnya ketika saya sebut Adjective adalah kata sifat, yaitu kata yang menerangkan kata benda. Lantas Anda tak mengerti apa itu kata benda, maka jadinya adalah “kacau”. hehe..
• Pelajaran bahasa inggris topik satu ini sebenarnya cukup singkat saja, walapun tanpa terasa telah panjang. Kalau anda membacanya sampai ke bagian ini (sampai habis), itu tandanya anda akan pandai sekali bahasa inggris dan bahasa inggris anda akan mantapp, asalkan anda terus belajar dan sering praktek.

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Adjectives
Adjectives adalah kata-kata yang mengambarkan atau memodifikasi orang lain atau hal lain dalam kalimat. Articles — a, an, and the — juga merupakan adjectives.
Contoh:
• the tall professor Arti: Profesor yang tinggi itu
• the lugubrious lieutenant Arti: Letnan yang murung
• a solid commitment Arti: Komitmen yang kuat
• a six-year-old child Arti: Seorang anak yang berusia 6 tahun
• a month's pay Arti: Pembayaran sebulan
• the unhappiest, richest man Arti: Pria yang terkaya tapi paling tidak bahagia
Jika sekelompok kata-kata berisi subject dan verb bertindak sebagai adjective, ini disebut Adjective Clause.
Contoh:
My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. Arti: Saudara perempuan saya, yang jauh lebih tua dari saya, adalah seorang insinyur.
Jika adjective clause dihapus subject dan verbnya, modifier yang dihasilkan menjadi Adjective Phrase:
Contoh:
He is the man who is keeping my family in the poor house. Arti: Dia adalah laki-laki yang menjaga keluarga saya di rumah yang miskin.
Posisi Adjectives
Tidak seperti Adverbs, yang bisa diletakkan dimanapun di dalam kalimat, adjectives hampir selalu muncul sebelum noun atau noun phrase yang mereka jelaskan. Kadang-kadang mereka muncul dalam sebuah rangkaian adjctive (a string of adjectives),yang muncul dalam susunan tertentu. Ketika indefinite pronouns — seperti something, someone, anybody — dijelaskan oleh adjective, adjective tersebut muncul setelah pronoun:
Contoh:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished. Arti: Siapapun yang bisa melakukan sesuatu yang mengerikan terhadap seseorang yang baik seharusnya dihukup.
Something wicked this way comes. Arti: Sesuatu yang jahat datang dengan jalan seperti ini.
Dan ada beberapa adjectives tertentu selalu bersifat "postpositive" (muncul setelah bensa-benda yang mereka jelaskan):
Contoh:
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York Arti: Presiden memilih ahli waris jelas bagi Glitzy fortune, tinggal di New York
Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives dapat menungkapkan tingkat penjelasan (degrees of modification):
Contoh:
• Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town. Arti: Gladys adalah seorang wanita yang kaya, tapi Josie lebih kaya daripada Gladys, dan Sadie adalah wanita terkaya di kota.
Tingkat perbandingan disebut sebagai positive, comparative, dan superlative. (sebenarnya, hanya comparative dan superlative menunjukkan tingkat.) Kita mengunakan comparative untuk membandingkan dua hal dan superlative untuk membandingkan three atau lebih hal. Perhatikan bahwa kata than sering menemani comparative dan kata the mendahului superlative. Akhiran -er dan -est membentuk kebanyakan comparatives dan superlatives, walaupun kita membutuhkan -ier dan -iest ketika adjective dengan dua syllable berakhiran dengan y (happier and happiest); Selain itu, kita mengunakan more dan most ketika adjective memiliki lebih dari satu syllable.

Tabel 21: Comparative and Superlative Adjective ( CD 126)

Positive Comparative Superlative
Rich (kaya) Richer (lebih kaya) Richest (terkaya)
Lovely (indah) Lovelier (lebih indah) Loveliest (terindah)
Beautiful (cantik) More beautiful (lebih cantik) most beautiful (paling cantik)

Adjectives tertentu memiliki bentuk tidak beraturan (irregular forms) pada tingkat comparative dan superlative:

Tabel 22: Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjective

Good (baik) Better (lebih baik) Best (terbaik)
Bad (buruk) Worse (lebih buruk) Worst (terburuk)
Little (sedikit) Less (kurang) Least (paling sedikit)
Much (banyak) More (lebih) most (terbanyak)
many (banyak) More (lebih) most (terbanyak)
some (beberapa) More (lebih) most (terbanyak)
Far (jauh) Further (lebih jauh) Furthest (terjauh)

Hati-hatilah membentuk comparatives or superlatives of adjectives yang sudah mengungkapkan perbandingan yang eksrim — unique, sebagai contoh — walaupun kebanyakkan adjective bisa dibuakan bentuk perbandingannya: something can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-months pregnant with twins.
Grammar's Response
"Complete" adalah salah satu dari adjectives yang tidak perlu comparative degrees. Walaupun demikian kita bisa berkata, "more nearly complete.". Berikut daftar table adjective yang tidak memerlukan perbandingan.

Tabel 22: Adjective yang tidak memerlukan perbandingan
Absolute (pasti) Impossible (tidak mungkin) Principal (pokok)
Adequate (memadai) Inevitable (tidak bisa dihindarkan) Stationary (tak berubah)
Chief (utama) Irrevocable (tidak dapat dibatalkan) Sufficient (cukup)
Complete (lengkap) Main (utama) Unanimous (dengan suara bulat)
Devoid (tanpa) Manifest (nyata) Unavoidable (tidak bisa dihindarkan)
Entire (seluruh) Minor (minor) Unbroken (tidak putus-putus)
Fatal (fatal) Paramount (tertinggi) Unique (unik)
Final (final) Perpetual (terus menerus) Universal Universal)
Ideal (ideal) Preferable (lebih baik) whole (seluruh)

Hati-hati juga untuk tidak mengunakan more pada comparative adjective yang telah mengunakan -er dan mengunakan most pada superlative adjective yang telah mengunakan -est (e.g., do not write that something is more heavier or most heaviest).
Konstruksi as — as digunakan untuk menciptakan perbandingan yang mengungkapakan persamaan:
Contoh:
• He is as smart as I am. Arti: Dia secerdas saya.
• She is as dilligent as her mother. Arti: Dia sama rajin denga ibu nya.
Premodifiers dengan Degrees of Adjectives
Baik adverbs maupun adjectives dalam bentuk comparative dan superlative dapat ditemani oleh, kata-kata dan frase tunggal, yang intensify tingkat perbandingan.
Contoh:
• We were a lot more careful this time. Arti: Kami jauh lebih hati-hati kali ini.
• He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town. Arti: Dia bekerja jauh lebih kurang hati-hati daripada ahli permata lainnya di kota.
• We like his work so much better. Arti: Kami lebih suka sekali pekerjaannya
• You'll get your watch back all the faster. Anda akan mendapatkan jam anda lebih cepat.
Beberapa proses bisa digunakan untuk downplay tingkat perbandingan:
Contoh:
• The weather this week has been somewhat better. Arti: Cuaca minggu ini telah menjadi sesuatu yang lebih baik.
• He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his brother does. Arti: Dia mendekati pekerjaan sekolahnya lebih sedikit secara industri dari pada saudara laki-lakinya lakukan.
Dan kadang-kadangserangkaian frase, biasanya informal noun phrase, digunakan untuk tujuan ini:
Contoh:
• He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected. Arti: Dia tiba lebih awal daripada yang kita harapkan.
• That's a heck of a lot better.Arti: Itu adalah sebuah omelan yang jauh lebih baik.
Jika intensifier very menemani superlative, determiner juga diperlukan:
Contoh:
• She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview. Arti: Dia memakai pakaiannya yang sangat terbaik untuk wawancara.
• They're doing the very best they can. Arti: Mereka melakukan tang paling terbaik yang mereka bisa.
Kadang-kadang comparative atau superlative form yang muncul dengan determiner dan hal yang dijelaskan bisa dimengerti:
Contoh:
• Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most. Arti: Dari semua anggur yang diproduksi di Connecticut, saya paling menyukai yang satu ini.
• The quicker you finish this project, the better. Arti: Semakin cepat anda menyelesaikan proyek ini, semakin lebih baik.
• Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster. Arti: Dari kedua saudara laki-laki, dia yang jauh lebih cepat.
Less V.S Fewer
Ketika membuat sebuah perbandingan antara quantities kita harus membuat sebuah pilihan antara kata fewer dan less. Pada umumnya, ketika kita berbicara mengenai hal – hal yang bisa dihitung, kita mengunakan kata fewer; ketika kita berbicara tentang quantitas yang bisa diukur tapi kita tidak bisa hitung kita mengunakan kata less.

Contoh:
"She had fewer chores, but she also had less energy." Dia memiliki lebih sedikit pekerjaan, tapi dia pula yang memiliki lebih sedikit energi.
Walaupun demikian kita mengunakan less ketika mengaju kepada ungkapan statistic dan angka:
Contoh:
• It's less than twenty miles to Dallas. Arti: Ini lebih kurang 20 mil menuju Dallas.
• He's less than six feet tall.Arti: Dia lebih kurang dari 6 kaki tingginya.
• Your essay should be a thousand words or less. Karangan anda seharusnya seribu kata atau lebih kurang.
• We spent less than forty dollars on our trip. Arti: Kita berbelanja lebih kurang dari pada 40 dolar pada perjalanan ini.
• The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow removal. Kota itu membelanjakan lebih kurang dari 4% dari anggarannya untuk pengerukan salju.
Pada situasi ini, sangat memungkinkan untuk mempertimbangkan quantities sebagai jumlah ukuran yang bisa dihitung.
Taller than I / me?
Ketika membuat perbandingan dengan "than" apakah kita mengakhiri dengan subject form atau object form, "taller than I/she" atau "taller than me/her." Jawaban yang benar adalah "taller than I/she." Kita mencari subject form:

Contoh:
"He is taller than I am." Arti: Dia lebih tinggi daripada saya.

(kecuali kita meninggalkan verb pada second clause, "am" or "is.") Beberapa penulis yang baik, walaupun demikian, akan berdebatbahwa kata "than" seharusnya diizinkan untuk berfungsi sebagai kata depan (preposition). Jika kita bisa berkata

Contoh:
"He is tall like me/her," Arti: Dia tinggi seperti saya.

dengan demikian (jika "than" bisa menjadi prepositional seperti like) kita seharusnya bisa berkata, "He is taller than me/her." Ini merupakan argument yang menarik, tapi — for now, anyway — pada prosa akademik formal, gunakan subject form pada perbandingan semacam itu.
Kita juga ingin menjadi hati-hati dalam sebuah kalimat seperti
Contoh:
"I like him better than she/her." ( Saya lebih menyukai dia (pria) daripada dia (wanita).
"she" kan bermakna bahwa anda lebih menyukai orang ini dari pada dia perempuan menyukai dia laki-laki.; "her" akan bermakna bahwa anda menyukai si lelaki lebih dibandingkan dari pada anda menyukai si perempuan.. (Untuk menghidari ambiguitas dan keterpelesatan pengunaan than, kita bisa menulis
Contoh:
"I like him better than she does"." Arti: Saya lebih menyukai dia (pria) dari pada dia (wanita) menyukai.
atau "I like him better than I like her Arti: Saya menyukai dia (pria) lebih daripada saya menyukai dia (wanita)
Susunan Adjectives dalam sebuah Rangkaian
Kita berkata "little brown house" bukannya "brown little house" atau mengapa kita berkata "red Italian sports car" bukannya "Italian red sports car.".
Ada beberapa kategori dalam menyusun rangkaian adjective pada table berikut ini:
I. Determiners — artikel dan limiters yang lain.
II. Observation — postdeterminers dan limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) dan adjectives yang menjurus kepada ukuran subjectif (e.g., beautiful, interesting)
III. Size and Shape — adjectives yang menjurus pada ukuran objective (e.g., wealthy, large, round)
IV. Age — adjectives yang berkaitan dengan usia (e.g., young, old, new, ancient)
V. Color — adjectives yang bermakna warna (e.g., red, black, pale)
VI. Origin — denominal adjectives yang bermakna asal (e.g., French, American, Canadian)
VII. Material — denominal adjectives yang bermakna terbuat dari (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
VIII. Qualifier — final limiter, sering dianggap sebagai bagian dari noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

Ketika adjectives berada dalam kelompok yang sama mereka menjadi sesuatu yang disebuat coordinated adjectives, dan anda perlu meletakkan komadiantara mereka: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. Aturan meletakkan koma antara dua adalah: jika anda bisa meletakkan conjunction — and atau but — antara dua adjectives, gunakanlah koma. Kita bisa berkata these are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," jadi kita akan mengunakan comma antara mereka (tentunya ketika "but" tidak ada disana. Kita kita memiliki tiga coordinated adjectives, pisahkan mereka semua dengan koma. Jangan letakkan koma pada akhir akhir sebelum noun:
Contoh:
a popular, respected, and good looking student Arti: seorang pelajar yang terkenal, terhormat dan enak dilihat
Collective Adjectives
Apabila definite article, the, digabung dengan sebuah adjective yang mengambarkan kelas atau kelompok orang, frase ini bisa bertindak sebagai sebuah a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed. Perbedaan antara Collective Noun (yang biasanya dianggap sebagai singular tapi juga bisa plural pada konteks tertentu) dengan collective adjective adalah bahwa collective adjectives selalu plural dan memerlukan plural verb:
Contoh: (CD 141)
• The rural poor have been ignored by the media. Arti: Kaum miskin di daerah terpencil telah diabaikan oleh media.
• The rich of Connecticut are responsible. Kaum berada Connecticut bertanggung jawab.
• The elderly are beginning to demand their rights. Yang lebih tua mulai menuntut hak mereka.
• The young at heart are always a joy to be around. Arti: Yang muda di hati selalu menjadi kegembiraan dalam aksi.

Adjectival Opposites
Lawan atau aspek negative bisa dibentuk dengan berbagai cara. Salas satunya adalah mencari adjective dengan makna yang berlawanan — an antonym. Lawan dari beautiful adalah ugly, lawan tall adalah short.. Cara lain untuk membentuk lawan dari adjective adalah dengan sejumlah awalan (prefixes). Lawan dari fortunate adalah unfortunate, lawan dari prudent adalah imprudent, lawan dari considerate adalah inconsiderate, lawan dari honorable adalah dishonorable, lawan dari alcoholic adalah nonalcoholic.
Cara ke tiga untuk membentuk lawan kata adjective adalah dengan mengabungkan dengan less atau least untuk menciptakan perbandingan yang menunjukkan lawan kata.
Contoh:
• "This is the least beautiful city in the state." Arti: Ini merupakan kota yang paling kurang indah di negara bagian ini.
• A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet be "less worthy of consideration" than another candidate. Arti:Seorang kandidat untuk sebuah pekerjaan masih bisa bernilai dan bahkan menjadi pertimbangan yang lebih kurang bernilai dari kandidat lainnya.
• "He is less unlucky than his brother," Arti: Dia lebih kurang tidak beruntung daripada saudara laki-lakinya.

Gunakanlah less ketika perbandingan antara dua hal atau orang; gunakanlah least ketika perbandingan diantara banyak hal atau orang.
Contoh:

• My mother is less patient than my father. Arti: Ibu saya lebih kurang sabar daripada bapak saya.
• Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show. Dari semua situasi komedi yang baru, ini adalah pertunjukan yang lebih kurang favorite saya.
Pertimbangan lain dari Adjective
Adjectives yang sebenarnya Participles, verb forms dengan akhiran -ing dan -ed , bisa menyulitkan kita;. a frightened child atau a frightening child: you are confused atau you are confusing? Biasanya, akhiran -ed ending berarti bahwa noun memiliki hubungan passive dengan sesuatu — sesuatu (the lessons) telah membuat anda bingung jadi you are confused. Akhiran -ing bermakna bahwa noun memiliki peran aktif— anda menjelaskan sesuatu bertele-tele jadi you are confusing.
Modifiers berakhiran - ed sering ditemani oleh kata depan (prepositions):
Contoh:
• We were amazed at all the circus animals. Arti: Kami takjub dengan semua hewan sirkus.
• We were amused by the clowns. Arti: Kami terhibur oleh para badut.
• We were annoyed by the elephants. Arti: Kami jengkel dengan gajah-gajah itu.
• We were bored by the ringmaster. Kami bosan dengan ringmaster itu.
• We were confused by the noise. Arti: Kami bingung oleh kebisingan itu.
• We were disappointed by the motorcycle daredevils. Arti: Kami kecewa dengan pengendara motor yang kesetanan di jalan.
• We were disappointed in their performance. Kami kecewa dengan penampilan mereka.
• We were embarrassed by my brother. Arti: Kami malu pada saya.
• We were exhausted from all the excitement. Arti: Kami lelah dari semua keasyikan itu.
• We were excited by the lion-tamer. Arti: Kami bergairah oleh penjinak singa.
• We were excited about the high-wire act, too. Arti: Kami juga bergairah pada aksi kawat tinggi.
• We were frightened by the lions. Arti: Kami takut denga para singa.
• We were introduced to the ringmaster. Arti: Kami diperkenalkan oleh pembawa acara.
• We were interested in the tent. Arti: Kami tertarik dengan tenda itu.
• We were irritated by the heat. Arti: Kami jengkel dengan panas.
• We were opposed to leaving early. Arti: Kami menolak untuk meninggalkan tempat lebih awal.
• We were satisfied with the circus. Arti: Kami puas dengan sirkus itu.
• We were shocked at the level of noise under the big tent. Arti: Kami terkejut dengan tingkat kebisingan di bawah tenda besar itu.
• We were surprised by the fans' response. Arti: Kami terkejut dengan respon pengemar.
• We were surprised at their shouts. Arti: Kami terkejut dengan teriakan mereka.
• We were tired of all the lights after a while. Arti: Kami lelah denga semua lampu setelah sekian lama.
• We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot. Arti: Kami kuatir tenang lalu lintas yang meninggalkan area parkir.
A- Adjectives
A- adjectives yang paling umum adalah ablaze, afloat, afraid, aghast, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, averse, awake, aware. Adjectives ini muncul sebagai predicate adjectives (i.e., mereka muncul setelah linking verb).
Contoh:
• The children were ashamed. Arti: Anak-anak malu.
• The professor remained aloof. Arti: Profesor tetap menjauh.
• The trees were ablaze. Arti: Pohon-pohon terbakar.
Kadang-kadang anda akan menemukan a- adjectives sebelum kata yang mereka jelaskan: the alert patient, the aloof physician. Kebanyakan dari mereka menjelaskan diri mereka sendiri: the nearly awake student, the terribly alone scholar. Dan a- adjectives kadang-kadang dijelaskan oleh "very much": very much afraid, very much alone, very much ashamed, etc.

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Preposition
Preposition (Kata Depan) adalah kata yang tidak dapat berubah bentuknya dan biasanya di letakkan di depan kata benda atau padanan kata benda lainnya (objek) yang bertujuan untuk menunjukkan hubungannya tertentu dengan kata-kata lain dalam kalimat.
Di bawah ini adalah contoh Kata Depan (Preposition)

above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, upon, with, within.

Contoh:
• It is a container for butter.
(Preposition "for" menunjukkan hubungan antara "butter" dan "container".)
• The eagle soared above the clouds.
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BENTUK PREPOSITION
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Bentuk-bentuk Kata Depan adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Tunggal)
• after, at, by, for, from, of, over, on, in, through, to, off, till, under, up, with, dsb
2. Double Preposition (Kata Depan Ganda)
• into, onto, from under, from among, from off, from within, over against, dsb
3. Compund Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk)
• across (on cross), along (on long), behind (by hind), about (on by out), above (on by up), before (by fore), beneath (by neath), beside (by side), between (by twain), beyond (by yonder), but (by out except), within (with in), without (with out), dsb
4. Participal Preposition (Kata Depan Partisif)
• pending, during, notwithstanding, past, except, considering, concerning, regarding, dsb
5. Prepositional Phrase (Frase Kata Depan)
• because of, by means of, in behalf of, in front of, in view of, by reason of, with respect to, with regard to, aith relation to, on behalf of, in spite of, dsb.
6. Disguised Preposition (Kata Depan Tersembunyi)
• three o'clock (three of clock)
• Jack o'lantern (Jack of the lantern)
• He has gone a-hunting (on hunting)
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PREPOSITION DI AKHIR KALIMAT
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Hindari meletakkan sebuah kata depan di akhir kalimat.Karena kata depan sebaiknya di depan kata benda

Contoh:
• That is a situation I have not thought of. (SALAH)
• She is a person I cannot cope with. (SALAH)
• It is behaviour I will not put up with. (SALAH)
Kalau Anda terbentur pada posisi kata depan yang menurut Anda harus diletakkan di akhir kalimat, maka pindahkan posisinya pada tempat yang tepat dan tidak merubah makna kalimat yang ingin Anda sampaikan.

Contoh:
• That is a situation of which I have not thought.
• She is a person with whom I cannot cope.
• It is behaviour up with which I will not put.
Namun cara yang terbaik adalah dengan mengganti kata agar tidak membingungkan pembaca. Tapi perlu diingat, penggantian kata tersebut tidak merubah makna dan memiliki arti yang sama dengan kata yang ingin kita gantikan. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk menggantikan contoh kalimat di atas.

Contoh:
• That is a situation I have not considered.
• It is behaviour I will not tolerate.
________________________________________
TIPS
________________________________________
PILIHAN ANDA

Kesimpulannya, jika Anda tidak dapat menemukan kata pengganti yang cocok untuk menggantikan kata depan yang berada di akhir kalimat, maka Anda dapat memilihnya yaitu tetap meletakkan kata depan tersebut di akhir kalimat, atau merubah susunan kata depan tersebut. Kalimat pertama di bawah ini secara teknis tidak tepat karena kata depan berada di akhir kalimat. Namun kalimat yang kedua kedengarannya agak aneh dan dapat membingungkan pembaca.
• She is a person I cannot cope with.
• She is a person with whom I cannot cope.
Kebanyakan orang yang memahami masalah ini, mereka menggunakan kalimat yang kedua. Tapi memang lebih baik jika kita dapat menggantikan kata tersebut dengan kata yang lain yang memiliki arti yang sama dan tidak akan merubah makna kalimat tersebut, lebih baik menggantinya dengan kata lain yang lebih tepat agar lebih mudah dipahami pembaca.
APA YANG MENGIKUTI KATA DEPAN?
Kata setelah kata depan disebut sebagai "Object of the Preposition".

Contoh:
• The cat ran under the car.
(Kata "the car" adalah objek dari "under".)
• Can you give this parcel to him tomorrow?
(Kata "him" adalah objek dari "to".)
Kata Depan dapat juga berada di depan kata ganti (Pronouns) selain kata benda.

Contoh:
• Can you give the parcel to him?
• I went to the cinema with them.
Namun kata "whom" merupakan objective case dari "who", dan hal ini dapat membingungkan pembaca.

Contoh:
• Andy saw the scouts, at least one of whom was armed, through the mist.
• Against whom did you protest if there was nobody present?
________________________________________
TIPS
________________________________________
WHOM SETELAH KATA DEPAN

Gunakan "whom" setelah kata depan
WHETHER SETELAH KATA DEPAN

"whether" dapat diletakkan setelah kata depan:
• A decision about whether the elections were legal is pending.
• Will you raise the question of whether we are investing in the system or withdrawing?

=====================================================================================

Pronoun
Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Kelima pronoun tersebut disajikan pada tabel berikut.
Subject
Pronouns Object
Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns
I
You (singular)
You (plural)
We
They
He
She
It me
you
you
us
them
him
her
it my
your
your
our
their
his
her
its mine
yours
yours
ours
theirs
his
hers
its myself
yourself
yourselves
ourselves
themselves
himself
herself
itself
A. Penggunaan subject pronoun.
Subject pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai subject.
• I, you, we, they, he, dan she digunakan untuk mengganti orang. Selain itu, “they ” juga digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns. He dan she juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan. Dan khusus untuk “she ‘ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kapal laut.
• “It ” untuk menggantikan benda mati dan tumbuhan tunggal.
• He, she dan it adalah singular subject (orang ketiga tunggal) yang selalu diikuti oleh singular verb.
Penggunaan subject pronoun ada 4, yaitu:
a. Pada umumnya subject pronoun diletakkan di awal kalimat (sebelum verb).
Contoh:
1. I love you.
2. He is my brother.
3. She likes writing a poem. (Dia suka menulis puisi).
4. Two cars were reported stolen last night. They haven’t been found yet. (Dua mobil dilaporkan dicuri tadi malam. Mereka (kedua mobil itu) belum ditemukan).
5. You have to buy a good English dictionary. (Kamu harus membeli sebuah kamus bahasa Inggris yang baik).
6. We planted a rose plant last month. It is growing well now. (Kami menanam sebuah tanaman mawar sebulan yang lalu. Dia (tanaman mawar itu) sedang tumbuh dengan baik sekarang).
b. (it/that/this/these/those/there) + (to be) + subject pronoun
Dalam pola-pola seperti ini, it, that, this, these, those dan there hanya berfungsi sebagai pseudo-subject (subject semu). Subject yang sebenarnya adalah nouns setelah to be. Olehnya itu, pronoun yang tepat digunakan setelah to be adalah subject pronoun.
Contoh:
1. It was I who broke the mirror. (Adalah saya (sayalah) yang memecahkan cermin itu).
2. There is he here now. You should come here quickly if you want to meet him. (Ada dia di sini sekarang. Kamu harus datang ke sini dengan cepat jika kamu ingin bertemu dia).
3. This is I. I am just an ordinary person. (Inilah saya. Saya hanyalah seorang manusia biasa).
c. Setelah expression as… as dalam kalimat equal comparison.
Contoh:
1. He is as smart as she. (Dia (cowok) sama pintarnya dengan dia (cewek).
2. Maria has the same preference as they. (Maria punya kesukaan yang sama dengan mereka).
c. Setelah than dalam kalimat unequal comparison.
Contoh:
1. I am smarter than he. (Saya lebih pintar dari dia).
2. They study harder than she. (Mereka belajar lebih giat dari dia).
d. Setelah different from.
1. We are different from they. (Kita beda dengan mereka).
2. Although they are twins, she is different from he. (Walaupun mereka kembar, dia (cewek) beda dengan dia).
Note: In speaking (informal occasion), pronoun pada kalimat-kalimat di poin b – d lebih sering dinyatakan dengan object pronoun, menjadi:
1. It was me who broke the mirror.
2. He is as smart as her.
3. I am smarter than him.
4. We are different from them. dan seterusnya.
Walaupun lebih sering digunakan secara informal, penggunaan object pronoun ini (poin b-d) dianggap gramatically incorrect. Jadi, jika anda ikut ujian TOEFL atau test lainnya selalu pilihsubject pronoun, bukan object pronoun.
Contoh kalimat tambahan penggunaan subject pronoun dapat dibaca di topik : Subject kalimat.
B. Penggunaan object pronoun
Object pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai object dan diletakkan setelah verb.
Contoh:
1. Yeyes gave me a piece of cake (Yeyes memberi saya sepotong kue)
2. Yeyes gave you a piece of cake, too. (Yeyes memberi kamu sepotong kue juga)
3. Yeyes did not give him a piece of cake. (Yeyes tidak memberi dia sepotong kue).
4. I like her. (Saya suka dia).
5. Do you like your new bicycle? Yes, I like it very much. (Apakah kamu suka sepeda barumu? Ya, saya menyukainya dengan sangat)
6. Koko helped us clean the house. (Koko membantu kami membersihkan rumah).
7. Yeyes taught him to do his homework. (Yeyes mengajarinya mengerjakan PR).
8. Didit saw us on the football field. (Didit melihat kita di lapangan sepakbola)
9. She hates me because I am very, very naughty. (Dia membenciku karena saya sangat,sangat jahil).
C. Penggunaan possessive adjective
Pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu untuk menerangkan kepemilikan terhadap nouns. (The nouns belong to whom? = nouns itu milik siapa?)
Contoh:
1. This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).
2. That is his house.
3. This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)
4. We all like our teacher.
5. Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.
6. That is your book.
7. This is their clean class.
8. That is our television.
9. This is my new bag.
10. That is her big house.
D. Penggunaan possessive pronoun
Kata ganti ini juga menyatakan kepemilikan sesuatu benda. Perbedaannya dengan possessive adjectives adalah terletak pada kata bendanya yang tidak disebutkan lagi karena sudah tersirat di dalam kata ganti ini.
Contoh:
1. This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
2. That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
3. This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
4. I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
5. Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
6. This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
7. That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
8. These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
9. That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
10. This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).
Note: In speaking, noun setelah “this, that, these dan those” sering dihilangkan. Lawan bicara sudah paham maksudnya karena noun-nya sudah diacu sebelumnya, plus adanya body language. Contoh-contoh di atas dapat dinyatakan dengan:
1. This is mine
2. That’s yours
3. Those are his now, dan seterusnya.
E. Penggunaan reflexive (reciprocal) pronoun
Reflexive atau reciprocal pronoun ini digunakan untuk merefleksikan diri dan untuk mengeraskan arti orang atau benda yang diacunya.
Contoh:
1. I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).
2. You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).
3. You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).
4. We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).
5. She must be angry to herself. (Dia harus marah pada dirinya sendiri).
6. He gives himself a little more time to rest. (Dia memberi dirinya sendiri sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk beristirahat).
7. They are proud of themselves. (Mereka bangga pada diri mereka sendiri).
Soal: Coba terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris kalimat berikut:
• Saya akan meminjamimu sepedaku.
Jawab:
Kata ‘meminjami’ adalah sebuah kata kerja (aktivitas yang akan dilakukan oleh subject ‘Saya’). Jadi ‘mu’ di sini bukanlah mengganti kepunyaan, melainkan kependekan dari pronoun ‘kamu’, yang berfungsi sebagai object kalimat, sehingga dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi “you”. Sedangkan pronoun ‘ku’ di kalimat ini adalah sebuah possessive adjective, yang menerangkan who (siapa) yang memiliki ‘sepeda’ tersebut. Oleh karena itu, pronoun yang tepat untuk ‘ku’ adalah ‘my’. Jadi, kalimat di atas dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi:
• I will lend you my bicycle. Atau,
• I will lend my bike to you.
F. Penggunaan indefinite pronoun: One dan Ones
Selain kelima jenis pronoun di atas, one‘ dan ones juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan nouns yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. One digunakan untuk menggantikan singular nouns (benda tunggal), sedangkan ones digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns (benda jamak).
Contoh:
1. There are two dogs in my house. They are brown and white. The brown one is big, tall and a little fierceful, while the white one is smaller, shorter, and calmer. (Ada 2 anjing di rumahku. Mereka berwarna coklat dan putih. Anjing yang berwarna coklat adalah besar, tinggi, dan sedikit galak, sedangkan anjing yang berwarna putih adalah lebih kecil, lebih pendek, dan lebih jinak).
2. I have two new red pens on my right hand and five used blue pens on my left one. Which onesdo you want? (Saya punya 2 pulpen merah baru di tangan kanan saya dan 5 pulpen biru yang telah pernah dipakai di tangan kiri saya. Pulpen-pulpen yang manakah yang kamu inginkan?).
Note: ‘One ‘ atau ‘ones ‘ hanya menggantikan noun-nya saja, sedangkan adjective-nya harus tetap disebutkan agar pembaca atau lawan bicara mengerti apa atau siapa yang diacu/dirujuk oleh ‘one’ atau ‘ones’ tersebut.

TYPES OF TEXT

2011-02-28T03:45:00.000-08:00

NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged

RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms

REPORT
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense

EXPLANATION
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition

HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

PROCEDURE
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

ANECDOTE
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions

SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

NEWS ITEM
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

//
Related Posts :
Abstract on Text Types

* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Back to School Back to Learn Text Types
* Understanding Types of Text
* Classification Essay – Everything You Need to Know

Analytical Exposition

* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* The Importance of Exercise as Example of Analytical Exposition
* Fast Food in Example of Analytical Exposition
* Contoh/Example of Analytical Exposition about Being Fat
* Analytical Exposition Sample in Learning English
* Analytical Exposition Sample on Accredited School
* Example of Analytical Exposition in Jakarta Issue
* Is Smoking Good for Us?; Example of Analytical Exposition
* Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis; example of analytical exposition
* Laptop as Students’ Friend
* Career in Translation
* Writing is a Great for Money Online; an analytical exposition text
* What is Analytical Exposition?

Anecdote

* Blessing behind Tragedy; an anecdote text
* What is Anecdote?

Descriptive

* Descriptive Text about Cleopatra
* The Descriptive Facts about the Moon
* The Best Example of Descriptive Text about a Cat
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Contoh/Example of Descriptive Text about Taj Mahal
* Descriptive Text on Jatim Park
* Marsupial Mammal; EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
* My Friend’s New Shoes
* The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text
* Borobudur Temple; a descriptive text
* What is Descriptive Text?

Discussion

* National Exam in Pros and Cons
* Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Discussion Text Sample on Distance Learning
* Reading Discussion Text
* Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power
* Hunting Fox; a discussion text
* What is Discussion?

Explanation

* Explanation Text about How Rain Happens
* Explanation Text about How Cell Phones Work
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Seasons as Example of Explanation Text
* Contoh / Example of Explanation Text about Earthquake
* Contoh / Example of Explanation Text about Bali Island
* HOW FUEL WARNING LIGHT WORK; an example of explanation text
* Flying Kites as Example of Explanation
* CANCER; Example of Explanation Text
* Do You Know Why Eiffel Tower was Built?; Explanation Sample
* Explanation Text Sample about Roman Road
* How Chocolate is made; an Example of Explanation text
* Between Explanation and Procedure Text
* Example of Explanation Text
* How Day and Night Happen: an explanation text
* Why Summer Daylight is Longer than Winter Daylight; an explanation text
* What is Explanation?

Hortatory Exposition

* Example of Hortatory Text in Letter to Editor
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* USE ENGLISH! Hortatory Sample
* Should not Bring Mobile Phone to School; a Hortatory Text Sample
* NEVER TRY SMOKING; a Hortatory Sample
* Hortatory Example in Wearing Helmet
* Reading Hortatory Text
* Hortatory Example in Public Awareness
* Example of Hortatory Exposition in Watching TV
* More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
* Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text
* Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text
* Removing Lead from Petrol; a hortatory exposition text
* What is Hortatory Exposition?

Narrative

* Narrative Text in Romeo and Juliet’s Romantic and Tragic Story
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Example of Narrative Text in the Legend of Tangkuban Perahu
* Kite’s Tale as Example of Narrative
* Narrative Analysis on Malin Kundang Story
* Reading a Narrative
* Narrative Example in Arabian Story
* Example of Narrative Text; The Smartest Parrot
* Story of Narrative Text
* CINDERELLA STORY; the Clearest Example of Narrative Text
* Building Narrative Text with Complication
* Between Recount and Narrative
* The Smartest Animal; a narrative text
* Snow White; a narrative text
* Cinderella; a narrative text
* What is Narrative?

News Item

* News Item about Man Push Van off Train Railroad
* Understanding News Item Text
* Growing Student Smoking as Example of News Item Text
* The Clear Example of News Item Text about Landslide
* Contoh / Example of News Item Text about Indonesian Maid Tragedy
* Contoh / Example of News Item Text
* Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms; a news item text
* Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Intercourse; a news item text
* Indonesian Maid beheaded; a news item text
* What is News Item?

Procedure

* Procedure Text in Making Candles
* Contoh/Example of Procedure Text in Making Kite
* Contoh/Example of Procedure Text in Installing SIM Card
* Between Explanation and Procedure Text
* Planting Chilies; a procedure text
* Writing For Business; a procedure text
* What is Procedure?

Recount

* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Recount Example in Journalist’s Diary
* Spoof and Recount Text; What Makes them Different?
* Vacation to London; the clear example of recount text
* Between Recount and Narrative
* Visiting Bali; a recount text
* My Horrible Experience; a recount text
* What is Recount?

Report

* Example of Report Text about Mangrove Trees
* ELEPHANTS as Example of Report Text
* Text Types in Three Main Genres
* Example of Report Text in Earthquake
* Tornadoes as Example of Report Text
* Example of Report Text about Volcano
* Contoh/Example of Report Text in Komodo
* Human Body Energy as EXAMPLE OF REPORT
* The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text
* Platypus; a report text
* What is Report?

Review

* Example of Review Text in 2012 Movie
* Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses
* Business Loan Program
* Career in Translation
* Structuring the Product Review Text
* Good Translation
* a TAMM Creation
* All about Ohio Sports
* Recording Mommy Journey
* Making Money Online
* Good Young Mother
* An Attractive Motherly Blog
* A Site from Reog Boy
* Recommended Software Applications
* Guide to Japanese Pop Culture
* When She Writes
* Bad Credit Improvement
* Online Shopping Software
* Choosing Web Hosting
* Beneficial Shopping Cart

Ada 6 jenis text yang akan dijelaskan disini:

1.Recount

2.Procedure

3.Anecdote

4.Narrative

5.Report

6.Report

1.RECOUNT

Recount Tujuan komunikatif: Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur. Struktur teks: * Pendahuluan (orientasi), yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa, di mana dan kapan; * Laporan (rentetan) peristiwa, kegiatan yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan secara berurut

Contoh:

Class Picnic

Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic

First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.

We had a great day.

2.PROCEDURE

Procedure, the communicative purpose is to tell the steps of making or doing something. (Tujuan komunikatif nya: memberi petunjuk cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah.)

Generic Structure: Goal/Aim – Materials/Tools – Steps/Methods

Language Features of Procedure text:

Imperative form, ex: Cut, Pour, Don’t mix, dsb.

action verbs: turn, put, don’t, mix, dsb.

connectives (untuk mengurutkan kegiatan), ex: then, while, dsb.

adverbials (untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat), ex: for five minutes, two centimeters from the top, dsb.

Contoh:

SESAME DROP BISCUITS

Ingredients/Materials:

2 cups flour

1 ½ teaspoons baking powder

½ teaspoon each baking soda and salt

Butter or margarine

2 tablespoons sesame seed

1 cup buttermilk

Night Before:

In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.

2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .

Stir in sesame seed.

Next Morning:

Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.

Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.

Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.

Serve at once with butter.

3.ANECDOTE

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense

Contoh Anecdote:

Blessing Behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.

The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.

The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)

Generic Structure Analysis:
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?

Orientation: the Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan

Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.

Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.

Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.

4.REPORT

Report Tujuan Komunikatif: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana, dsb.

Contoh:

Fax Machine

Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word teletext, short for facsimile, for “make a copy at a distance”, is also used as a synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instantaneous, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document transferal.

5.NARRATIVE

Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau khayal. Ciri naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah) dan resolusi (penyelesaian masalah). Jumlah masalah atau penyelesaiannya mungkin hanya satu, mungkin juga lebih. Struktur Teks: * Pengenalan latar: tokoh, waktu, dan tempat: * Pengembangan konflik; * Penyelesaian konflik; * Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita.

Contoh 1:

It was a warm day in March. I was very excited. The day had finally come. I was in the rowing team for the Olympics. I got up very early and exercised as always. Then after breakfast I drove to Drummoyne. My team arrived and at last it was time to start.

Ready, set and the starting gun went off. We began in the third position and were slowly moving closer. There they were. We could see the second boat and then we did it.

We moved past. My arms were aching. My whole body was sore but we all rowed harder.

The first boat was just in front I saw a dark shadow near the boat. I looked again. What was it? I was sure it was the shape of a cigar. ‘Oh my God’, I thought, ‘I must be seeing things. A shark in Parramata River? Impossible!’

Just then I pulled my oar out of the water. ‘Oh no, why only half?’ I thought. Then I knew. I shouted to my team, ‘Shark! Shark!’ and suddenly we forgot the race. We rowed faster than ever back to shore. We made it. Phew, we were safe!

Contoh 2:

Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it.

The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in twelve sailing junks.

When they arrived in Borneo, The set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers.

Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree, so he could see the dragon’s cave. He noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and what time he returned to it.

Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his brother pulled his kite back to the ground.

The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate his sons’ return.

6.DESCRIPTIVE

Tujuan Komunikatif : Struktur Teks: ciri-ciri seseorang, suatu benda atau tempat tertentu. * Pengenalan benda, orang atau sesuatu yang akan dideskripsikan. * Deskripsi: menggambarkan ciri-ciri benda tersebut,misalnya berasal dari mana, warnanya, ukurannya, kesukaannya dsb. Deskripsi ini hanya memberikan informasi mengenai benda atau orang tertentu yang sedang dibahas saja, misalnya deskripsi tentang ‘My Dog’. Ciri-ciri ‘anjing saya’ tersebut dapat berbeda dengan anjing yang lain.

What is descriptive text?

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense

Contoh 1:

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Buddhist temple. It was built in the ninth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Buddhist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire edifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.Analyzing the Text (Generic Structure Analysis):
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics

Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc

Contoh 2:

The Ambarawa Train Museum houses 21 antique locomotives plus two more, which are stored in the depot. These locomotives are no longer produced; even the factories that made them no longer exist. The main building of this museum is the defunct Ambarawa railway station which was built in 1873. the station covers 127,500 m2.

The oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its operation in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50 km/h – its maximum speed.

A special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the Ambarawa Train Museum to the defunct Bedono train station. This package tour is called Railway Mountain Tour. Why is the trip so special? Because the participants will board an antique train and the train will travel on a 4.9 kilometer-cog railway, which is the only one in the world.

Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan

2011-02-07T16:08:00.000-08:00

The Torajas are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 650,000, of which 450,000 still live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word toraja comes from the Bugis language's to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909.Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colorful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism developers and studied by anthropologists.By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model — in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society.

KOMODO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

2011-02-07T15:57:00.000-08:00

Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago, between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. Established in 1980, initially the main purpose of the Park was to conserve the unique Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) and its habitat. However, over the years, the goals for the Park have expanded to protecting its entire biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In 1986, the Park was declared a World Heritage Site and a Man and Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, both indications of the Park's biological importance.
Komodo National Park includes three major islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar, as well as numerous smaller islands creating a total surface area (marine and land) of 1817km (proposed extensions would bring the total surface area up to 2,321km2). As well as being home to the Komodo dragon, the Park provides refuge for many other notable terrestrial species such as the orange-footed scrub fowl, an endemic rat, and the Timor deer. Moreover, the Park includes one of the richest marine environments including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, seamounts, and semi-enclosed bays. These habitats harbor more than 1,000 species of fish, some 260 species of reef-building coral, and 70 species of sponges. Dugong, sharks, manta rays, at least 14 species of whales, dolphins, and sea turtles also make Komodo National Park their home.

Threats to terrestrial biodiversity include the increasing pressure on forest cover and water resources as the local human population has increased 800% over the past 60 years. In addition, the Timor deer population, the preferred prey source for the endangered Komodo dragon, is still being poached. Destructive fishing practices such as dynamite-, cyanide, and compressor fishing severely threaten the Park's marine resources by destroying both the habitat (coral reefs) and the resource itself (fish and invertebrate stocks). The present situation in the Park is characterized by reduced but continuing destructive fishing practices primarily by immigrant fishers, and high pressure on demersal stocks like lobsters, shellfish, groupers and napoleon wrasse. Pollution inputs, ranging from raw sewage to chemicals, are increasing and may pose a major threat in the future.
Today, the PKA Balai Taman Nasional Komodo and PT. Putri Naga Komodo are working together to protect the Park's vast resources. Our goals are to protect the Park's biodiversity (both marine and terrestrial) and the breeding stocks of commercial fishes for replenishment of surrounding fishing grounds. The main challenge is to reduce both threats to the resources and conflicts between incompatible activities. Both parties have a long term commitment to protecting the marine biodiversity of Komodo National Park.

Adji Massaid Meninggal dunia

2011-02-04T15:07:00.000-08:00

Mantan aktor tampan yang kini menjadi anggota DPR,Adjie Massaid menghembuskan nafas terakhir tadi malam. Pihak keluarga Adji mengatakan, bahwa kemungkinana Adjie terkena serangan jantung.
Istri Adji Massaid. Angelina Sondakh sangat terpukul akan kepergian suaminya yang mendadak itu. Sebelum kepergiannya, Adji sempat bermain Softball.
Mantan istri Adji, Reza, dan sahabat-sahabat terdekatnya berdatangan menjenguknya.Mereka sangat tidak percaya dengan apa yang terjadi.
Tapi Sang Aktor telah pergi untuk selama-lamanya. Semoga amal ibadahnya diterima oleh Tuhan YME. Amin.

The History of The Beatles (Sejarah The Beatles)

2011-02-04T07:06:00.000-08:00

The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, and one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music.[1] From 1962, the group consisted of John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the group later worked in many genres ranging from pop ballads to psychedelic rock, often incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways. The nature of their enormous popularity, which first emerged as the "Beatlemania" fad, transformed as their songwriting grew in sophistication. The group came to be perceived as the embodiment of progressive ideals, seeing their influence extend into the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s.
Initially with a five-piece line-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe (bass) and Pete Best (drums), The Beatles built their reputation in Liverpool and Hamburg clubs over a three-year period from 1960. Sutcliffe left the group in 1961, and Best was replaced by Starr the following year. Moulded into a professional outfit by music store owner Brian Epstein after he offered to act as the group's manager, and with their musical potential enhanced by the creativity of producer George Martin, The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the United Kingdom in late 1962 with their first single, "Love Me Do". Gaining international popularity over the course of the next year, they toured extensively until 1966, then retreated to the recording studio until their break-up in 1970. Each then found success in an independent musical career. Lennon was murdered outside his home in New York City in 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in 2001. McCartney and Starr remain active.
During their studio years, The Beatles produced what critics consider some of their finest material including the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), widely regarded as a masterpiece. Four decades after their break-up, The Beatles' music continues to be popular. The Beatles have had more number one albums on the UK charts, and held down the top spot longer, than any other musical act.According to the RIAA, they have sold more albums in the United States than any other artist.In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the all-time top-selling Hot 100 artists to celebrate the US singles chart's fiftieth anniversary, with The Beatles at number one.They have been honored with 7 Grammy Awards,and they have received 15 Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.The Beatles were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people.

Jalan-Jalan Ke Bali

2011-02-04T02:00:00.000-08:00

Desember lalu kami sekeluarga pergi ke Bali. Ini bukan perjalanan kami yang pertama ke Bali. Kebetulan istriku berasal dari Bali, tepatnya dari Sigaran, Jegu, TABANAN.
Tabanan memiliki pemandangan yang cukup indah dipandang mata. Bukan cuma pemandangan lautnya seperti Tanah Lot, tapi juga ada gunung Batu Karu beserta pura agungnya. Lalu ada juga Yes Panes, yang artinya air panas. Serta masih ada beberapa tempat menarik lainnya.

421 WNI Pulang Dari Mesir

2011-02-04T01:39:00.000-08:00

Tangerang - tak kurang dari 421 warga negara Indonesia (WNI) tiba di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta setelah dievakuasi dari Mesir dan disambut Wapres Boediono. Proses evakuasi menjadi lebih mudah karena sejumlah birokrasi telah dipangkas, begitu kata pemerintah.

Pada Jumat (4/2/2011) pukul 12.45 WIB mereka tiba di Cengkareng. Mereka disambut Wapres Boediono, Menlu Marty Natalegawa, Menhub Freddy Numberi, dan Ketua Satgas Evakuasi WNI Hassan Wirajuda.

"421 WNI tiba di Cengkareng, 31 anak-anak, selebihnya dewasa. Memang hari ini sedikit lebih banyak dan kali ini lebih memprioritaskan mahasiswa," kata Hassan di Cengkareng.

Menurut pak Hassan, dari 6.200 WNI, masih kurang dari 1.000 orang yang dipulangkan ke Tanah Air. Hassan mohon maklum karena situasi di Mesir yang memang gawat dan menghambat evakuasi.

"Tolong dimengerti situasinya karena untuk evakuasi bukan hal mudah. Memerlukan waktu, karena akses ke bandara juga sulit dari sana, transportasi sulit," ujarnya.

Namun, proses evakuasi Kloter II ini menurut mantan Menlu ini sudah lebih mudah. "Lebih mudah karena sudah banyak jalur birokrasi yang dipangkas," imbuh Hassan.

Boediono meninggalkan Cengkareng pukul 13.30 WIB. Pukul 14.00 WIB, para WNI ini tengah naik ke 10 bus yang akan membawa mereka ke Asrama Haji Pondok Gede.

Mesir Kian Bergejolak

2011-02-03T07:47:00.000-08:00

Kairo, Mesir: Diperkirakan lima orang tewas dan 1.500 lainnya luka-luka setelah sebuah bentrokan terjadi antara massa pendukung Presiden Hosni Mubarak dan mereka yang menuntut reformasi. Demikian seperti dilansir jaringan televisi Aljazeera, Kamis (3/2).

Menurut saksi mata, bentrokan dimulai setelah masa pendukung Presiden Mubarak menyerang kerumunan demonstran yang tengah menyuarakan tuntutannya terhadap pemerintah Mesir dengan damai. Mereka merusak dan menjatuhkan beberapa papan iklan dan mencoba untuk membubarkan demonstran dengan memukuli mereka.

Massa pendukung Presiden Mubarak yang dipersenjatai dengan pisau dan senjata api juga melempari para demonstran dengan bom rakitan. Para pendukung Presiden Mubarak dilaporkan juga sempat menyita beberapa kendaraan pihak militer yang diletakkan di sekitar lokasi Tahrir Square.

Para demonstran tampaknya telah berhasil membalas serangan massa pendukung Presiden Mubarak untuk melindungi anggotanya. Saksi mata mengatakan enam pendukung Presiden Mubarak yang menunggangi kuda dan unta, telah melukai banyak orang dengan menabrakkan kedua hewan tersebut. Akhirnya, mereka berhasil dilumpuhkan. Keenam orang tersebut juga telah diserahkan kepada tentara yang mengamankan tempat tersebut.

Mereka yang terluka akibat serangan tersebut dirawat di sebuah rumah sakit yang terletak berdekatan dengan Tahrir Square. Mustafa Hussein, dokter yang menangani para korban mengatakan kebanyakan dari mereka menderita memar dan terluka parah. Terutama, akibat batu yang dilemparkan para pendukung Presiden Mubarak.

Menanggapi kejadian tersebut, Mohamed ElBaradei, seorang tokoh oposisi terkemuka, menuduh Mubarak adalah dalang di balik semua penyerangan. Pernyataan yang dibuat ElBaradai itu keluar setelah polisi menangkap dan menyita kartu identifikasi para pendukung Presiden Mubarak.

"Saya sangat khawatir ini adalah gejala lain atau indikasi lain dari suatu rezim yang menggunakan tindak pidana. Ketakutan Saya adalah bahwa hal ini akan berubah menjadi pertumpahan darah," kata ElBaradei

A Long Road to Bidor (Perak, Malaysia)

2010-06-05T07:42:00.000-07:00

It was a big surprise when my sister asked me to go to Malaysia. Sure. I never expected to go abroad in a short time.I had made a passport before, but I never used it. And that was my second passport, and it's almost invalid. Fortunately, it was still valid until the next six months.
She (my sister) decided to go to Malaysia through Batam and Singapore. It could be longer if we took that way, but she had her own reason. No problem, I thought. Besides, it could be an adventure, right? A long journey to Perak, Malaysia.
We left Jakarta by Lion Air at 11:45, on May 27, 2010. It was 30 minutes late from the schedule. It's OK.I was so exited that I didn't care about the late. I had the worse experience in Bali before. The delay was 7 hours!!
And the plane landed at Hang Nadim Airport at around 12.30.It was a nice day. little cloud and a bit shiny. Perfect!
From the airport we straight to a hotel in Nagoya. It took less than an hour, and was only Rp 80.000,-. The fixed price, said the driver. It's reasonable. It could be Rp 150.000,- if it was in Jakarta. Even more!!!

( to be continued )

BOROBUDUR 2005

2009-11-05T06:59:00.000-08:00

2009-11-05T06:55:00.000-08:00

BONAVITA'S TEACHERS

2009-11-05T06:46:00.000-08:00

New United Indonesia Cabinet II “Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II”

2009-11-02T06:31:00.000-08:00

Finally, new cabinet “Indonesia Bersatu” vol 2 has been announced last night (Oct 21) in Istana Negara at 22:00 pm by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Here are the names:

Coordinating Ministers

1. Coordinating Minister for Legal, Political and Security Affairs: Marsekal TNI Purn Djoko Suyanto
2. Coordinating Minister for the Economy: Ir. Muhammad Hatta Rajasa
3. Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare: Dr. H. R. Agung Laksono

Ministers
4. State Secretary: Sudi Silalahi
5. Minister of Home Affairs: Gamawan Fauzi, S.H., M.M.
6. Minister of Foreign Affairs : Dr. Raden Muhammad Marty Mulia Natalegawa
7. Minister of Defense: Prof. Dr. Ir. Purnomo Yusgiantoro
8. Minister of Law and Human Rights: Patrialis Akbar
9. Minister of Finance: Dr. Sri Mulyani Indrawati
10. Minister of Energy and Natural Resources: Dr. Darwin Zahedy Saleh
11. Minister of Industry: Ir. Muhammad S. Hidayat
12. Minister of Trade: Dr. Mari Elka Pangestu
13. Minister of Agriculture: Ir. H. Suswono, M.Ma
14. Minister of Transportation: Freddy Numberi
15. Minister of Forestry: Zulkifli Hasan
16. Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries: Dr. Ir. Fadel Muhammad
17. Minister of Labor and Transmigration: Dr. H. A. Muhaimin Iskandar, M.Si
18. Minister of Public Works: Ir. Djoko Kirmanto
19. Minister of Health: Dr. dr. Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih
20. Minister of National Education: Prof. Dr. Ir. Muhammad Nuh
21. Minister of Social Services: Dr. H. Salim Assegaf Al’jufrie
22. Minister of Religious Affairs: Dr. Suryadharma Ali, M.Si
23. Minister of Culture and Tourism: Ir. Jero Wacik, S.E.
24. Minister of Information and Communication: Ir. H. Tifatul Sembiring

State Ministers
25. State Minister for Research and Technology: Suharna Surapranata
26. State Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises: Dr. Syarif Hasan
27. State Minister of Environment: Prof. Dr. Ir. Gusti Moh. Hatta
28. State Minister for Women Empowerment and Children Protection: Linda Amaliahsari, S.Ip
29. State Minister for State Apparatus and Administrative Reforms: E.E. Mangindaan, S.Ip
30. State Minister for Acceleration of Development in Underdeveloped Regions: Ahmad Helmy Faisal
31. State Minister for National Development Planning and Chairperson of the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas): Prof. Dr. Armida Alisjahbana
32. State Minister for State Enterprises: Prof. Ir. Mustafa Abubakar
33. State Minister for Public Housing: Suharso Manoarfa
34. State Minister for Youth and Sports Affairs: Andi Mallarangeng

Ministerial-Level Officials:

1. Head of Presidential Working Unit for Development Monitoring and Controlling: Dr. Ir. Kuntoro Mangkusubroto
2. Head of State Intelligence Agency: Jenderal Pol Purn Sutanto
3. Head of Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board: Gita Wirjawan

Michael Jackson, Si Eksentrik, Berbakat dan Kelam

2009-06-29T10:14:00.000-07:00

Jum'at, 26 Juni 2009 16:36
Di tengah-tengah kegembiraan penggemar menantikan comeback-nya, Michael Jackson malah mengubahnya jadi derai air mata. Raja pop yang dipuja karena bakatnya dan dipenuhi masalah dalam kehidupan pribadinya ini meninggal dengan cara mengejutkan. Jackson ditemukan pingsan di manson-nya dan meninggal dalam perawatan di UCLA Medical Center, yang tak jauh dari rumahnya di Holmby Hills, LA.

Awal Karir

Anak ketujuh dari sembilan bersaudara, putra pasangan Joseph dan Katherine Jackson ini terlahir dengan nama Michael Joseph Jackson. Pria berbakat ini lahir di Gary, Indiana, pada 29 Agustus 1958.

Jackson ketujuh ini memulai karirnya bersama kakak-kakaknya lewat grup musik Jackson Five. Debut profesionalnya ini dimulai saat usianya masih 11 tahun. Grup ini berhasil mendongkrak tangga lagu dengan empat single pertama mereka, di antaranya I Want You Back dan ABC. Sebagai soloist, Jackson juga merekam album untuk Motown Records sebelum pindah label rekaman bersama kakak-kakaknya. Jackson Five tetap bersatu di bawah label Epic Records dan melanjutkan rekaman hingga tahun 1984.

Bersama produser Quincy Jones, Jacko bekerja bareng untuk membuat film musikal di tahun 1978, THE WIZ. Jackson meluncurkan album solonya OFF THE WALL, di mana Jones berperan sebagai co-produser, dengan hits seperti Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough dan Rock With You. Album solo keduanya, THRILLER yang diluncurkan tahun 1982 jadi awal kebesaran Jacko. Album ini dinobatkan sebagai album best-selling terbesar sepanjang waktu.

Moonwalk

Dengan video musik Thriller, nama Jackson melambung tinggi. Lagu hits ini menduduki tangga lagu selama 37 minggu. Thriller juga dinominasikan untuk 12 kategori di piala Grammy dan berhasil memenangkan delapan piala.

Pada bulan Maret 1983, penyanyi ini tampil live membawakan lagunya Billie Jean di acara special, Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever TV. Di acara inilah untuk pertama kalinya dia menampilkan gerakan tari khas-nya, yang dikenal dengan nama moonwalk (berjalan di permukaan bulan).

Tahun depannya, Jackson mengalami luka bakar parah saat sedang syuting iklan Pepsi-Cola di Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles. Kejadian itu berawal saat kembang api mengenai rambutnya dan terbakar. Penyanyi ini mendapat ganti rugi dan menyumbangkan ke Michael Jackson Burn Center dengan uang ganti rugi senilai US$1,5 juta. Pusat perawatan ini dibangun dengan teknologi lengkap untuk membantu orang-orang yang menderita luka bakar.

Si Anak Dengan Masa Lalu Kelam

Di tahun 1984, Jackson melakukan tur terakhirnya dengan The Jacksons untuk promosi album VICTORY. Lagu hit dari album ini adalah duet Michael dan Mick Jagger lewat lagu State of Shock. Tahun berikutnya, dia ikut menulis dan menyanyikan lagu untuk Afrika bersama penyanyi lain di lagu We Are The World.

Tahun 1987 bersamaan dengan peluncuran albumnya, BAD, di mana dia mulai mempertontonkan bukti kesuksesannya. Jackson mulai membangun rumah mewah bak mini Disneyland dan diberinya nama Neverland. Tempat tinggal mewah ini jadi obat bagi masa kecil, yang diklaimnya tidak pernah dijalani seperti layaknya anak-anak.

Jackson akhirnya buka mulut soal dirinya dan juga masa kecilnya yang kurang bahagia dalam wawancara di acara TV Oprah Winfrey Show di tahun 1993. Menjawab soal gosip tentang prosedur pemutihan kulit, dalam wawancara ini Jackson mengaku kalau dia menderita kelainan yang disebut vitiligo (kehilangan warna dalam kulit). DIa juga mengaku mendapat siksaan fisik dari ayahnya semasa anak-anak. Dia menceritakan pada Oprah tentang ayahnya yang duduk di kursi sambil membawa sabuk saat dia dan saudara-saudaranya berlatih bernyanyi. Sang ayah mengganjar dengan lecutan sabuk kalau mereka tidak melakukan sesuai dengan yang diharapakannya.

Dirundung Kasus

Tak lama setelah itu, Michael dituduh melakukan pelecehan pada seorang anak berusia 13 tahun yang menginap di Neverland. Namun polisi tidak menemukan bukti-bukti yang mendukung tuduhan ini saat mereka memeriksa Neverland. Kasus ini tak terpecahkan. Selama tidak ada tuduhan lain serupa, Jackson dinyatakan tidak bersalah.

Pada Agustus 1994, Jackson menikahi putri legendaris Rock N' Roll, Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. Pernikahan mereka hanya mampu bertahan seumur jagung, tahun 1996 mereka bercerai. Jackson menikahi Debbie Rowe, seorang perawat di tempat dokter yang menangani masalah kulitnya. Dari pernikahan ini dia mendapatkan dua anak dengan cara inseminasi buatan. Anak pertamanya Prince Michael Jackson lahir pada 1997 dan anak perempuannya, Paris Michael Jackson lahir tahun 1998. Jackson dan Rowe bercerai di tahun 1999. Raja Pop ini juga memiliki anak ketiga dengan cara inseminasi buatan dari wanita yang namanya dirahasiakan, anak lelaki ini diberi nama Prince Michael Jackson II, yang dipanggil dengan nama Blanket.

Jackson sudah tidak terlalu berminat lagi pada kehidupan profesional. Pendapatannya dari penjualan album di tahun 1995 HIStory: Past, Present, and Future, Book I campur aduk, walau ada dua single hits di album, ini You Are Not Alone dan Scream, duet bareng adiknya Jannet Jackson. Dan albumnya INVICIBLE diluncurkan di tahun 2001, dengan menunjukkan dia sebagai musisi eksentrik dan sekaligus serius.

Selamat Tinggal Neverland

Jackson merusak reputasinya sendiri saat dia bermain-main dengan putranya Blanket di balkon hotel di Berlin. Jacko mengayun-ayunkan anaknya di balkon supaya para penggemar di bawahnya bisa melihatnya.

Masalah yang sebenarnya muncul di tahun 2003, dengan dokumenter TV Living with Michael Jackson, di mana penyanyi ini mengungkapkan pada jurnalis Inggris, Martin Bashir kalau dia berbagi tempat tidur dengan anak-anak. Di tahun 2004, Jackson ditahan dengan beberapa tuduhan, yang di antaranya adalah memberikan alkohol pada anak-anak, melakukan pelecehan dan percobaan penculikan. Media berlomba-lomba memberitakan proses persidangan. Suatu hari Jackcon datang terlambat dalam persidangan dan muncul dengan mengenakan piyama. Namun pada akhirnya 14 Juni 2005 diputuskan kalau penyanyi ini bersih dari semua tuduhan.

Karena merasa Neverland terkontaminasi dengan digeledah polisi saat kasus pelecehan itu, Jackson memutuskan membawa anak-anaknya hijrah ke Bahrain. Beredar kabar dia mempersiapkan pembuatan album barunya di negara Timur Tengah itu.

Awal tahun ini dia mengumumkan akan tampil dalam serangkaian konser di Inggris. Jackson mengatakan ini akan jadi penampilan terakhirnya - dan ternyata sebelum penampilan itu sendiri dia telah mengucapkan selamat tinggal pada penggemarnya untuk selama-lamanya.

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Friday, June 26, 2009 16:36
Amidst the excitement of fans waiting for his comeback, Michael Jackson even turned it into tears. King of pop is adored because of his talent and full of problems in his personal life is dying in a way surprising. Jackson was found unconscious in his Manson and died in care at UCLA Medical Center, not far from his home in Holmby Hills, LA.

Early Career

The Seventh child of nine siblings, the couple's son Joseph and Katherine Jackson was born with the name Michael Joseph Jackson. This talented man was born in Gary, Indiana, on August 29, 1958.

Jackson started his career with seven older brothers through music group the Jackson Five. He started his professional debut at age of 11 years. This group managed to push up the charts with their first four singles, including ‘I Want You Back’ and ‘ABC’. As a soloist, Jackson also recorded albums for Motown Records before moving record label with her brothers. Jackson Five remain united under the label Epic Records and continued recording until 1984.

Together with producer Quincy Jones, Jackson worked together to make a movie musical in 1978, THE WIZ. Jackson launched his solo album OFF THE WALL, where Jones served as co-producer, with hits like Do not Stop 'Til You Get Enough and Rock With You. Second solo album, Thriller, which was launched in 1982 so the early greatness of Jackson. The album was crowned as the best-selling album, the greatest of all time.

Moonwalk

With the music video Thriller, Jackson's name soared. This song hits the charts occupied for 37 weeks. Thriller also been nominated for 12 categories of trophies won eight Grammys and trophy.

In March 1983, the singer is performing live his song Billie Jean brought on the show special, Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television. At this event for the first time he displays his typical dance movements, known as the Moonwalk (walk on the lunar surface.)

Next year, Jackson suffered severe burns when she was filming the ad with Pepsi-Cola at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The incident began when the pyrotechnics of his hair and burned. The singer's compensation and donate to the Michael Jackson Burn Center with a cash compensation of U.S. $ 1.5 million. The center was built with a complete technology to help people who suffered burns.

The Boy With a Dark Past

In 1984, Jackson last toured with The Jacksons to promote the album VICTORY. The hit song of this album is a duet of Michael and Mick Jagger through the song "State of Shock. The following year, he co-authored and sang songs to Africa with another singer in the song We Are The World.

Year 1987 in conjunction with the launch of his album, BAD, where he began to show evidence of success. Jackson started building mini mansions like Disneyland and gave the name of Neverland. This luxury residence to be a cure for childhood, which claims to have never lived like children.

Jackson finally opened his mouth about himself and also the less happy childhood in an interview on TV show Oprah Winfrey Show in 1993. Answering questions gossip about skin whitening procedures, in this interview Jackson admitted that he was suffering from a disorder called vitiligo (loss of color in the skin). He also claimed to have during her father's physical abuse of children. She told Oprah about her father who was sitting in a chair with a belt when he and his brothers to practice singing. The father reward with belt lash if they do not perform in accordance with the diharapakannya.

Afflicted Case

Not long after, Michael accused of abuse on a child aged 13 years who stay at Neverland. But police found no evidence to support this allegation when they check Neverland. The case is unsolved. As long as there is no other similar charges, Jackson was found not guilty.

In August 1994, Jackson married the daughter of legendary Rock N 'Roll, Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. Their marriage was only able to survive the rest of the corn, they divorced in 1996. Jackson married Debbie Rowe, a nurse at the doctors who deal with problem skin. From this marriage he got two children by artificial insemination. Prince Michael Jackson's first child was born in 1997 and her daughter, Paris Michael Jackson was born in 1998. Jackson and Rowe divorced in 1999. King of Pop also has a third child by artificial insemination of a woman whose name is withheld, the boy is named Prince Michael Jackson II, who was called Blanket.

Jackson was not so interested anymore in professional life. Its revenue from album sales in 1995 HIStory: Past, Present, and Future, Book I mixed, although there are two single hits on the album, You Are Not Alone this and Scream, a duet with my sister Jannet Jackson. And his album INVICIBLE launched in 2001, by showing him as eccentric and at once serious musician.

Goodbye Neverland

Jackson damaging his own reputation when he was playing with his son Blanket on the hotel balcony in Berlin. Jacko dangling his son on the balcony so the fans could see it underneath.

The real problem came in 2003, with the TV documentary Living with Michael Jackson, in which the singer tells the British journalist Martin Bashir that he shared a bed with children. In 2004, Jackson was arrested with several charges, which include giving alcohol to children, abuse and kidnapping trial. Competing media reported the trial process. One day Jackcon came late in the trial and came up with wearing pajamas. But in the end June 14, 2005 it was decided that the singer was clean of all charges.

Feeling Neverland contaminated by the time police searched the abuse case, Jackson decided to take her children moved to Bahrain. Rumors he prepares his new album-making in the Middle East countries.

Earlier this year he announced will appear in a series of concerts in England. Jackson said this would be his last appearance - and apparently before the appearance itself he had to say goodbye to his fans forever.

'American Idol', Adam Lambert, Kris Allen Duel for Crown

2009-05-20T02:45:00.000-07:00

LOS ANGELES - "American Idol" finalists Kris Allen and Adam Lambert strutted their stuff in search of votes for the last time on Tuesday in a TV show singing contest host Ryan Seacrest dubbed "the guy next door versus the 'guyliner.

"Lambert, a flamboyant musical theater performer with a fondness for wearing eyeliner, and Allen, a clean-cut acoustic guitar player, each sang three songs in their final bid to take the 2009 "Idol" crown and win a recording contract. After 100,000 people auditioned last summer and five months of broadcasts on the Fox network, the winner will be chosen by viewers' telephone votes and announced at the end of a finale on Wednesday night.

Lambert, 27, who was widely considered the front-runner heading into the finale, reprised one of his best-received performances of the season, singing "Mad World," while Allen, 23, sang "Ain't No Sunshine" by Bill Withers.

"Idol" judge Simon Cowell dubbed the first round a victory by Allen, admitting that he had doubted whether the 23-year-old belonged in the finale.

"When your name was announced last week I wasn't sure whether America had made the right choice," Cowell told Allen.

"But I absolutely take all that back now."

For their second songs, the contestants performed selections chosen by "American Idol" creator Simon Fuller.

Lambert sang "A Change is Gonna Come" by Sam Cooke, receiving universal praise from all four judges. Allen followed with Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On," for which he got mixed reviews.

"A million percent Adam," Cowell declared.

For their final songs, Lambert and Allen performed their own versions of an original song called "No Boundaries" that was co-written by judge Kara DioGuardi. DioGuardi said she hoped Allen wouldn't be judged on that song, saying it was too high for his vocal range. For Lambert, it was more praise from the usually hard-to-please Cowell.

"The whole idea about doing a show like this is that you hope you can find a worldwide star -- I genuinely believe with all my heart that we have found that with you."

"American Idol" began as a cheesy summer talent show in 2002 but quickly morphed into a cultural phenomenon that attracts tens of millions of viewers a week to News Corp's Fox network.

It has generated a long list of stars from its winners and losers, including singers Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood and Chris Daughtry and Oscar winner Jennifer Hudson. Ratings have sagged 7 percent this season to about 26 million viewers an episode, but it remains the top-rated U.S. show.(Reuters)

Hercules, Pesawat TNI Jatuh

2009-05-20T02:42:00.001-07:00

JAKARTA - Korban dari jatuhnya pesawat Hercules C130 di Magetan, Jawa Timur, sebanyak 98 orang. Kini evakuasi korban dari puing-puing pesawat telah selesai dilakukan.

Demikian dikatakan oleh Kepala Dinas Penerangan TNI AU Marsekal Pertama FHB Soelistyo kepada para wartawan di Lanud Halim Perdanakusumah, Jakarta Timur, Rabu (20/5/2009).

Selain 98 orang tersebut, juga terdapat 11 orang awak pesawat dan penduduk Desa Geplak yang kediamannya terkena hempasan pesawat. Sementara yang selamat berjumlah 15 orang. Saat ini 98 jenazah tersebut masih berada RS Iswahyudi.

"10 orang dalam keadaan kritis dan 5 masih bisa berbicara," terang Soelistyo.

SWINE FLU

2009-05-14T06:54:00.000-07:00

Indonesia Health Minister statement about SWINE flu.

Health Minister, Siti Fadilah Supari announced public not to be afraid but keep aware to any possibility of swine flu emerging in Indonesia.

Fatality rate of bird flu (H5N1) appears to be higher – about 80-90 percent – compare to pig flu (H1N1) which about 6.4 percent. However, public asked to be aware since this virus has been confirmed to be transmissible among human.

H1N1 virus is only survivable in sub tropic area – in particular during autumn and winter – such as North America. Indonesia is a tropical country so that the possibility for the virus to survive is relatively low, said Health Minister in press conference, Ministry of Public Welfare Coordination (Menkokesra) office, Jakarta, Monday (27/4).

Pig/Swine flu or H1N1 cannot survive in warm temperate area such as Indonesia. But citizen are required to maintain self hygiene.

For preparedness of any possibility of this virus to emerge in Indonesia, Ministry of Health has ordered related parties to terminate import of pork. Moreover, government will do surveillance to numbers of pig farms in Indonesia, in total 9 millions pig population.

Meanwhile, airports in Indonesia have been equipped with Thermo Scanner or body temperature detector for new entrants.

Ministry of health also supplies Health Alert Card to airways companies and sea harbor, about the health/flu status, which required to be filled by new entrants.

Furthermore, Ministry of Health has prepared Tamiflu stock for H1N1 treatment.

In the same event, Director of Animal Derived Disease Control (PPBB) Ministry of Health, Rita Kusriastuti said, Thermo Scanner has been set up in 10 airports, i.e. Ngurah Rai Bali, Makassar, Surabaya, South Kalimantan, Jakarta, Batam and Medan.

Three millions Tamiflu for therapeutics have been prepared, and 100 reference hospitals will also be re-trained to anticipate the occurrence of the disease. Doctors in numbers of hospitals are also ordered to be more considerate in examining patients, said Rita.

Source: Indonesia Communication and Information Ministry. Departemen Komunikasi dan Informasi. http://www.depkominfo.go.id/2009/04/27/masyarakat-diminta-waspadai-flu-babi/

FLU BABI/ SWINE FLU

2009-05-14T06:52:00.000-07:00

Meski belum sampai ke Indonesia, namun kita harus mewaspadai virus swine flu atau flu babi yang telah merenggut puluhan nyawa di Meksiko.

Lantas bagaimana gejala penderita yang terkena penyakit flu babi ini? Pada umumnya, gejala infeksi flu babi pada manusia mirip dengan flu biasa pada manusia. Yakni, demam yang muncul tiba-tiba, batuk, nyeri otot, sakit tenggorokan dan kelelahan yang berlebihan.

Namun selain itu, virus flu babi bisa membuat penderita muntah-muntah dan diare. Demikian seperti diberitakan Reuters.

Pemerintah AS telah menyatakan wabah flu babi ini merupakan wabah yang serius. Wabah ini juga diyakini akan terus menyebar. Bahkan badan Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menegaskan, flu babi merupakan keadaan darurat kesehatan publik yang menjadi keprihatinan internasional.

Flu babi ini mendatangkan risiko terbesar terjadinya pandemi berskala besar sejak wabah avian flu yang muncul kembali pada tahun 2003 lalu dan menewaskan 257 orang dari 421 penderita di 15 negara.

Tips Menghindari Flu Babi

Flu Babi alias Swine Flu atau H1N1 setidaknya sudah menewaskan 68 orang di Meksiko. Pandemi Flu Babi juga telah menyebarkan ke Amerika Serikat.

Bahkan Badan Kesehatan Dunia WHO sudah menyatakan pandemi Flu Babi sudah berada di level 6 alias pandemi global.

Menurut Dirjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (P2PL) Depkes Prof. Dr. Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Sp.P., MARS kepada wartawan di Makassar, Sabtu (25/4), pemerintah melakukan enam langkah untuk kesiapsiagaan mencegah H1N1.

Enam langkah itu adalah:

1. Mengumpulkan data dan kajian ilmiah tentang penyakit ini dari berbagai sumber, 2. Berkoordinasi dengan WHO untuk memantau perkembangan.

3. Membuat surat edaran kewaspadaan dini

4. Melakukan rapat koordinasi dengan para kepala Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan (KKP) di seluruh Indonesia untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan

5. Berkoordinasi dengan Badan Litbangkes untuk kemungkinan pemeriksaan spesimen, dan (6) berkoordinasi dengan Departemen Pertanian dan Departemen Luar Negeri untuk merumuskan langkah-langkah tindakan penanggulangan.

Tjandra mengatakan, penyakit flu babi adalah penyakit influenza yang disebabkan oleh virus influenza A subtipe H1N1 yang dapat ditularkan melalui binatang, terutama babi, dan ada kemungkinan penularan antar manusia.

Secara umum penyakit ini mirip dengan influenza (Influenza Like Illness-ILI) dengan gejala klinis seperti demam, batuk pilek, lesu, letih, nyeri tenggorokan, napas cepat atau sesak napas, mungkin disertai mual, muntah dan diare.

“Virus H1N1 sebenarnya biasa ditemukan pada manusia dan hewan terutama babi tetapi keduanya memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Begitu juga dengan virus flu burung H5N1 meskipun sama-sama virus influenza tipe A,” ujar Tjandra.

Menurut Tjandra, cara penularan flu babi melalui udara dan dapat juga melalui kontak langsung dengan penderita. Masa inkubasinya 3-5 hari. Masyarakat diimbau untuk mewaspadai seperti halnya terhadap flu burung.

“Menjaga perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, menutup hidung dan mulut apabila bersin, mencuci tangan pakai sabun setelah beraktivitas, dan segera memeriksakan kesehatan apabila mengalami gejala flu adalah tahap awal menghindari flu babi,” ujar Tjandra.

sumber : kaskusphoto

THE LOST BOYZ

2009-04-21T05:41:00.001-07:00

The time when I was still at IEC Tangerang

2009-04-21T05:32:00.000-07:00

DAVID ARCHULETA

2009-02-26T08:14:00.000-08:00

Remember this cute innocent guy? ya...he's David Archuleta, the runner up American Idol.He's charming and always smiles. A lot of people like him. Do you?

NEW BLOG FROM DAVID LIVE FROM VIRGINIA!
* Posted by Arch Angel on February 23, 2009 at 3:30pm
* View Arch Angel's blog

Hey everyone!

I'm reporting from Virginia, where we have our first 2 tour shows! Really exciting stuff. I'm really nervous! Ah! But I can't wait at the same time! We've been practicing and practicing and practicing. It's so weird to go on my very own tour, it doesn't feel real! But anyway haha. I'll tell you about the last week.

So the last week has basically been me and the new band getting ready for tour. They're all really fun to work with and really talented. It's fun just hanging out with them and we have a good time rehearsing, even though it's a lot of work. When we rehearse, it's basically just running through all the songs all day long lol. We try to tweak them, and see what we can add to it to make it more fun. It'll be fun to just get out there and sing, and I think you guys will have fun listening to the new songs from the album! I'm excited to perform them. Some of the songs are really high though, and I have no idea how I hit them... But I manage to lol. When I recorded some of the songs, like Running, Barriers, Crush, A Little Too Not Over You, I was thinking... "How the heck I was going to be able to sing them?!?" But I always managed to somehow haha. And the more you push yourself, (But not in a way you hurt your voice. It's more like you go for things you were afraid of doing and sing with confidence! haha) you become more comfortable. And the more you practice those scary songs, you find a comfortable place to sing them that you never knew about before. But yeah there's my little thought for the day I wanted to share I guess.

Another thing that happened over the last week is I went to LA to film my guest appearance on Hannah Montana haha. It was another thing I was really nervous about and wasn't really sure about at first. However, once I got there I had a great time! Everyone there was fun and Miley was a cool person to hang out with. She has a lot of energy and is really funny haha. Getting to watch how they rehearsed the scenes for the show was really cool too. It's always interesting to see the behind-the-scenes things. I've never really watched the show before, but it was sooo funny watching the other scenes! I think it'll be fun to see how the whole show runs altogether, because it was just cool to see how great of actors the other kids were. Anyhow, I better get to rehearsing for the big day tomorrow! I'll talk to you guys later! Ah! I'm pretty pumped for tomorrow! Let me know if you're going to the Virginia Beach or Richmond shows ok? You can let me know if you're going to one of the other shows this week too. Peace!

Anggun

2009-02-07T08:08:00.001-08:00

Jakarta - Anggun kembali untuk Indonesia. Sekalian merilis album Prancisnya yang ke-4, Anggun pun merilis album 'Elevation' di Indonesia. Album super dance ini boleh dibilang "the best".

Anggun menggaet Tefa & Masta, produser musik dunia. Hasilnya, sangat mengagumkan. Anggun menciptakan nuansa baru dalam setiap lagu-lagunya. Kali ini ia memang lebih banyak menggunakan musik R&B juga hip hop sebagai selingan.

Simak singlenya, 'Jadi Milikmu' yang dalam album Prancis bertajuk 'Crazy'. Lagu super up beat itu diiring alunan musik DJ yang catchy. Jangan halangi tubuh Anda untuk berdansa. Anggun pun menambahkan lagu yang telah diremix DJ Laurent Wolf sebagai bonus.

Single kedua yang rencananya akan segera dirilis yaitu 'Berganti Hati'. Lagu ini super mellow dengan iringan piano. Suara Anggun yang bening terdengar lebih jelas dan masih tetap memukau.

Ku tak ingin coba.. Ku telah kecewa...
Lelah ku bersenyum.. Lelah ku bersandiwara...

Kini kusadari.. Diri ini..
Ingin berganti hati...
Cinta yang telah pergi.. Harus berganti hati...

Di 'My Man' yang sangat techno, Anggun berkolaborasi dengan Pras Michel, salah satu personel The Fugees. Suara Pras yang sangat khas mengisi bagian rap. Satu lagi kolaborasi yang tak boleh dilewatkan yaitu dalam lagu 'Stronger'. Anggun bernyanyi dengan rapper Big Ali.

Lagu tersebut sedikit lebih rock dari pada yang lain. Namun masih dengan beat dance. 'Hide and Run' dibalut lebih banyak string. Sedikit nuansa musik Mesir, tapi tak kalah catchy.

Anggun tak melupakan putri kecilnya, Kirana dalam album ini. Di 'Selamat Tidur', Anggun membawakan lagu 'Nina Bobo'. ia mengganti kata-kata nina bobo dengan Kirana bobo. Sesekali terdengar suara tangis kecil Kirana. 'Eden in Your Eyes' yang hanya diiringi gitar akustik tersebut seperti dipersembahkan Anggun untuk putrinya.

Secara keseluruhan, album 'Elevation' menunjukan kedewasaan Anggun sebagai musisi dunia. Lebih dari satu, lagu Anggun kuat untuk menjadi single yang menggebrak tangga lagu dunia. Indonesia harus berbangga hati pada Anggun.

Daftar track album 'Evelation' Anggun:
1. A Change
2. Jadi Milikmu
3. Sebelum Berhenti
4. Berganti Hati
5. My Man (feat. Pras Michel)
6. Stronger (feat. Big Ali)
7. Give it to Love
8. Hide and Run
9. Divine
10. Is It a Sign?
11. Selamat Tidur (interlude)
12. Eden in Your Eyes
13. World
plus 4 bonus track
1. Crazy (Laurent Wolf radio edit)
2. Stronger (no rap version)
3. Shine (TV song)
4. No Stress (Laurent Wolf fr Anggun)
(yla/yla)

'Generasi Biru' Laris Manis di Jerman

2009-02-07T07:24:00.000-08:00

Berlin - Belum rilis di Indonesia film 'Generasi Biru' garapan Garin Nugroho sudah melenggang ke Berlin, Jerman. Film itu tayang di Berlinale International Film Festival 2009. Tiketnya pun ludes terjual.

Film yang dibintangi Nadine Chandrawinata itu ditayangkan pada World Premier Berlinale International Film Festival pada Jumat (6/2/2009) kemarin malam waktu Jerman. Sedangkan di Indonesia baru 17 Februari 2009 mendatang. Sang sutradara, Garin Nugroho turut hadir dalam premier yang bertempat di Kino Arsenal, Postdamerplatz, Berlin.

Selama melenggang di Jerman 'Generasi Biru' akan diputar tiga kali pada 6, 7, 8 Februari 2009. Tiketnya pun ludes terjual secara online. “Wah bagus tuh,” sahut Garin saat berbincang dengan detikhot di Kino Arsenal, Postdamerplatz, Berlin, Jumat (6/2/2009) waktu setempat.

Panitia Berlinale rupanya sudah jauh-jauh hari memesan agar film Generasi Biru tampil di Jerman. Dalam wawancara ekslusif dengan reporter detikhot, Fitraya Ramadhanny, Garin mengaku panitia Berlinale mengikuti proses editing yang beru selesai 60 persen dari Desember 2008 silam.

“Tapi para kurator film dengan melihat bahan mentahnya saja sudah bisa memberikan penilaian,“ lanjut Garin.

Panitia pun rela menunggu film Generasi Biru dikirim ke Jerman, walaupun batas akhir pengiriman festival sudah lewat pada Oktober 2008 lalu. Tapi mau bagaimana lagi, proses produksi memang baru benar-benar tuntas akhir Januari 2009.

“Baru dua minggu lalu filmnya kita kirim ke Jerman. Saya saja belum liat trailer Generasi Biru untuk di Indonesia,“ ujarnya seraya tertawa.

Tidak hanya Generasi Biru, Laskar Pelangi pun unjuk gigi di festival film saingan Cannes ini. “Sekarang sudah ada generasi baru seperti Riri Riza, Mira Lesmana, John de Rantau. Tahun ini saya ingin anak-anak muda ini yang lebih tampil,” kata Garin.

Ini adalah film ke lima Garin di Belinale. Sebelumnya sudah ada Surat Untuk Bidadari (1994), Bulan Tertusuk Ilalang (1995), Puisi Tak Terkuburkan (2001) dan Aku Ingin Menciummu Sekali Saja (2001). Semua film Garin mendapatkan penghargaan khusus.

FROM: DETIK.COM
(fay/ebi)

Nikahi Titi Kamal, Chiristian Sugiono Pindah Agama?

2009-02-07T07:14:00.000-08:00

Jakarta Kabar bahagia datang dari Titi Kamal-Christian Sugiono. Pasangan ini dikabarkan sedang melangsungkan pernikahan di Australia. Untuk itu, Christian Sugiono pun pindah agama.

Kabar Christian sudah menjadi muslim di akui oleh ketua RT tempat Titi tinggal. Bahkan bukti sertifikat kalau Christian sudah memeluk Islam sedang dipersiapkan.

"Ya benar, tanggal 31 Oktober 2008 lalu (Christian masuk Islam). Christian telah mengucapkan dua kalimat syahadat. Saya yang menjadi saksi," aku Muklis, ketua RT tempat tinggal Titi Kamal di kawasan Jati Rahayu, Pondok Gede, Bekasi, Jumat (6/2/2009) malam.

Kabar tersebut semakin diperkuat oleh tetangga Titi Kamal. Bahkan saat ini Daniel, tetangga Titi menjelaskan bintang film 'Mendadak Dangdut' itu sedang melangsungkan pernikahan di Perth, Australia.

"Titi Kamal dan keluarganya nggak ada di Rumah. Dia pergi ke Australia, melakukan pernikahan di Perth," jelas Daniel.

Semenjak memeluk Islam, lanjut Daniel, Christian kerap berdiskusi dengan beberapa ustad. Salah satunya ustad ko. (taken from: DETK.COM)

Leptospirosis

2009-02-07T07:07:00.000-08:00

Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochaete bacterium called Leptospira spp. that has at least 5 serovars of importance in the United States and Canada causing disease in dogs (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Bratislava)[3] There are other (less common) infectious strains. It should however be noted that genetically different leptospira organisms may be identical serologically and vice versa. Hence, an argument exists on the basis of strain identification. The traditional serologic system is seemingly more useful from a diagnostic and epidemiologic standpoint at the moment (which may change with further development and spread of technologies like PCR).

Leptospirosis is transmitted by the urine of an infected animal, and is contagious as long as it is still moist. Although rats, mice and voles are important primary hosts, a wide range of other mammals including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, raccoons, possums, skunks, and even certain marine mammals are also able to carry and transmit the disease as secondary hosts. Dogs may lick the urine of an infected animal off the grass or soil, or drink from an infected puddle. There have been reports of "house dogs" contracting leptospirosis apparently from licking the urine of infected mice that entered the house. The type of habitats most likely to carry infective bacteria are muddy riverbanks, ditches, gulleys and muddy livestock rearing areas where there is regular passage of either wild or farm mammals. There is a direct correlation between the amount of rainfall and the incidence of leptospirosis, making it seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.

Leptospirosis is also transmitted by the semen of infected animals.[4] Abattoir workers can contract the disease through contact with infected blood or body fluids. (urine)

Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact. The disease is not known to be spread from person to person and cases of bacterial dissemination in convalescence are extremely rare in humans. Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiasts in specific areas as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote the entry of the bacteria. Surfers are especially at high risk in areas that have been shown to contain the bacteria and can contract the disease by swallowing contaminated water, contacting water with the eyes and nose, or entrance through open wounds.[5] Occupational risk factors include veterinarians, slaughter house workers, farmers, sewer workers, and architects and other building workers working on derelict buildings. An outbreak in an inner city environment has been linked to contact with rat urine.[3]

SAVIOR

2008-11-30T06:51:00.000-08:00

Yang Kutunggu (Anggun)

2008-11-30T06:19:00.002-08:00

Yang Kutunggu (Anggun)

2008-11-30T06:19:00.001-08:00

Chikungunya

2008-11-22T07:25:00.000-08:00

Chikungunya adalah sejenis demam virus yang disebabkan alphavirus yang disebarkan oleh gigitan nyamuk dari spesies Aedes aegypti. Namanya berasal dari sebuah kata dalam bahasa Makonde yang berarti "yang melengkung ke atas", merujuk kepada tubuh yang membungkuk akibat gejala-gejala arthritis penyakit ini.

Penyakit ini pertama sekali dicatat di Tanzania, Afrika pada tahun 1952, kemudian di Uganda tahun 1963. Di Indonesia, kejadian luar biasa (KLB) Chikungunya dilaporkan pada tahun 1982 di beberapa provinsi: Yogyakarta (1983), Muara Enim (1999), Aceh dan Bogor (2001). Sebuah wabah Chikungunya ditemukan di Port Klang di Malaysia pada tahun 1999, menjangkiti 27 orang [1].

Gejala penyakit ini termasuk demam mendadak yang mencapai 39 derajat C, nyeri pada persendian terutama sendi lutut, pergelangan, jari kaki dan tangan serta tulang belakang yang disertai ruam (kumpulan bintik-bintik kemerahan) pada kulit. Terdapat juga sakit kepala, conjunctival injection dan sedikit fotofobia.

Ujian serologi untuk Chikungunya tersedia di Universitas Malaya di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Tidak terdapat sebarang rawatan khusus bagai Chikungunya. Penyakit ini biasanya dapat membatasi diri sendir dan akan sembuh sendiri. Perawatan berdasarkan gejala disarankan setelah mengetepikan penyakit-penyakit lain yang lebih berbahaya.

Chikungunya virus

CHIK is responsible for extensive Aedes aegypti-transmitted urban disease in cities in Africa and major epidemics in Asia. The crippling arthralgia and frequent arthritis that accompany the fever and other systemic symptoms are clinically distinct. Several other togaviruses of the alphavirus genus (Ross River, O’nyong-nyong, etc) have been associated with a similar syndrome. CHIK activity in Asia has been documented since its isolation in Bangkok in 1958. Other countries which have reported CHIK activity include Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

CHIK virus is transmitted in the savannahs and forests of tropical Africa by Aedes mosquitoes of the subgenera Stegomyia and Diceromyia. Aedes aegypti is an important vector in urban epidemics in both Africa and Asia.

Clinical Features

CHIK is an acute infection of abrupt onset, heralded by fever and severe arthralgia, followed by other constitutional symptoms and rash, and lasting for a period of 1-7 days. The incubation period is usually 2-3 days, with a range of 1-12 days. Fever rises abruptly, often reaching 39 to 40 degrees centigrade and accompanied by intermittent shaking chills. This acute phase lasts 2-3 days. The temperature may remit for 1-2 days, resulting in a "saddle-back" fever curve.

The arthralgias are polyarticular, migratory, and predominantly affect the small joints of the hands, wrists, ankles and feet, with lesser involvement of larger joints. Pain on movement is worse in the morning, improved by mild exercise, and exacerbated by strenous exercise. Swelling may occur, but fluid accumulation is uncommon. Patients with milder articular manifestations are usually symptom-free within a few weeks, but more severe cases require months to resolve entirely. Generalized myalgia, as well as back and shoulder pain, is common.

Cutaneous manifestations are typical with many patients presenting with a flush over the face and trunk. This is usually followed by a rash generally described as maculopapular. The trunks and limbs are commonly involved, but face, palms and soles may also show lesions. Pruritis or irritation may accompany the eruption.

During the acute disease, most patients will have headache, but it is not usually severe. Photophobia and retroorbital pain also occur but not severe. Conjunctival injection is present in some cases. Some patients will complain of sore throat and have pharyngitis on examination.

CHIK infection has a somewhat different picture in younger patients. Arthralgia and arthritis occur but are less prominent and last a shorter time. Rash may be less frequent; but in infants and younger children, prominent flushing and early appearance of maculopapular or urticarial eruption may be a useful indicator.

In Asia, several virus isolations have been made from severely ill children diagnosed as having haemorrhagic fever, similar to DHF.

Treatment

Supportive care with rest is indicated during the acute joint symptoms. Movement and mild exercise tend to improve stiffness and morning arthralgia, but heavy exercise may exacerbate rheumatic symptoms. In unresolved arthritis refractory to aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, chloroquine phosphate (250 mg/day) has given promising results.

Diagnosis

The definitive diagnosis can only be made by laboratory means, but CHIK should be suspected when epidemic disease occurs with the characteristic triad of fever, rash and rheumatic manifestations.

Virus isolation is readily accomplished by inoculation of mosquito cell culture, mosquito, mammalian cell culture or suckling mice. Viremia will be present in most patients during the first 48 hours of disease and may be detected as late as day 4 in some patients.

Virus-specific IgM antibodies are readily detected by capture ELISA in patients recovering from CHIK infection and they persist in excess of 6 months. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies appear with the cessation of viremia. All patients will be positive by day 5 to 7 of illness. Neutralization antibodies parallel HI antibodies.

Chikungunya IgM serology test is available in University Malaya.

DENGUE FEVER (DEMAM BERDARAH)

2008-11-22T07:22:00.000-08:00

Dengue fever

Dengue fever (pronounced /ˈdɛŋgeɪ/ (BrE), /ˈdɛŋgiː/ (AmE)) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.[1] It is also known as breakbone fever. The geographical spread is similar to malaria, but unlike malaria, dengue is often found in urban areas of tropical nations, including Puerto Rico, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, India, Brazil, Vietnam, Guyana, Venezuela and Bangladesh. Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti (rarely Aedes albopictus) mosquito, which feeds during the day.

Signs and symptoms

This is manifested by a sudden onset of severe headache, muscle and joint pains (myalgias and arthralgias—severe pain gives it the name break-bone fever or bonecrusher disease), fever, and rash.[3] The dengue rash is characteristically bright red petechiae and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest; in some patients, it spreads to cover most of the body. There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Some cases develop much milder symptoms which can be misdiagnosed as influenza or other viral infection when no rash is present. Thus travelers from tropical areas may pass on dengue in their home countries inadvertently, having not been properly diagnosed at the height of their illness. Patients with dengue can pass on the infection only through mosquitoes or blood products and only while they are still febrile.

The classic dengue fever lasts about six to seven days, with a smaller peak of fever at the trailing end of the disease (the so-called biphasic pattern). Clinically, the platelet count will drop until the patient's temperature is normal.

Cases of DHF also show higher fever, variable haemorrhagic phenomena, thrombocytopenia, and haemoconcentration. A small proportion of cases lead to dengue shock syndrome (DSS) which has a high mortality rate.

[edit] Diagnosis

The diagnosis of dengue is usually made clinically. The classic picture is high fever with no localising source of infection, a petechial rash with thrombocytopenia and relative leukopenia.

The WHO definition of dengue haemorrhagic fever has been in use since 1975; all four criteria must be fulfilled:[4]

1. Fever, bladder problem, constant headaches, severe dizziness and loss of appetite.
2. Hemorrhagic tendency (positive tourniquet test, spontaneous bruising, bleeding from mucosa, gingiva, injection sites, etc.; vomiting blood, or bloody diarrhea)
3. Thrombocytopenia (<100,000 platelets per mm³ or estimated as less than 3 platelets per high power field)
4. Evidence of plasma leakage (hematocrit more than 20% higher than expected, or drop in haematocrit of 20% or more from baseline following IV fluid, pleural effusion, ascites, hypoproteinemia)

Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue hemorrhagic fever plus:

* Weak rapid pulse,
* Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg)
* Cold, clammy skin and restlessness.

Serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies are available to confirm the diagnosis of dengue if clinically indicated.

[edit] Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is timely supportive therapy to tackle shock due to haemoconcentration and bleeding. Close monitoring of vital signs in critical period (between day 2 to day 7 of fever) is vital. Increased oral fluid intake is recommended to prevent dehydration. Supplementation with intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration and significant concentration of the blood if the patient is unable to maintain oral intake. A platelet transfusion is indicated in rare cases if the platelet level drops significantly (below 20,000) or if there is significant bleeding. The presence of melena may indicate internal gastrointestinal bleeding requiring platelet and/or red blood cell transfusion.

Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided as these drugs may worsen the bleeding tendency associated with some of these infections. Patients may receive paracetamol preparations to deal with these symptoms if dengue is suspected.[5]

[edit] Emerging treatments

Emerging evidence suggests that mycophenolic acid and ribavirin inhibit dengue replication. Initial experiments showed a fivefold increase in defective viral RNA production by cells treated with each drug.[6] In vivo studies, however, have not yet been done. Unlike HIV therapy, lack of adequate global interest and funding greatly hampers the development of treatment regime.

[edit] Epidemiology
World-wide dengue distribution, 2006. Red: Epidemic dengue. Blue: Aedes aegypti.
World-wide dengue distribution, 2000.

The first epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s. The disease was identified and named (see #History below) in 1779. A global pandemic began in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and by 1975 DHF had become a leading cause of death among many children in many countries in that region. Epidemic dengue has become more common since the 1980s. By the late 1990s, dengue was the most important mosquito-borne disease affecting humans after malaria, there being around 40 million cases of dengue fever and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year. There was a serious outbreak in Rio de Janeiro in February 2002 affecting around one million people and killing sixteen.

On March 20, 2008, the secretary of health of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Sérgio Côrtes, announced that 23,555 cases of dengue, including 30 deaths, had been recorded in the state in less than three months. Côrtes said, "I am treating this as an epidemic because the number of cases is extremely high." Federal Minister of Health José Gomes Temporão also announced that he was forming a panel to respond to the situation. Cesar Maia, mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro, denied that there was serious cause for concern, saying that the incidence of cases was in fact declining from a peak at the beginning of February. [7] By April 3, 2008, the number of cases reported rose to 55,000 [8]

Significant outbreaks of dengue fever tend to occur every five or six months. The cyclicity in numbers of dengue cases is thought to be the result of seasonal cycles interacting with a short-lived cross-immunity for all four strains, in people who have had dengue (Wearing and Rohani 2006). When the cross-immunity wears off, the population is then more susceptible to transmission whenever the next seasonal peak occurs. Thus in the longer term of several years, there tend to remain large numbers of susceptible people in the population despite previous outbreaks because there are four different strains of the dengue virus and because of new susceptible individuals entering the target population, either through childbirth or immigration.

There is significant evidence, originally suggested by S.B. Halstead in the 1970s, that dengue hemorrhagic fever is more likely to occur in patients who have secondary infections by serotypes different from the primary infection. One model to explain this process is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which allows for increased uptake and virion replication during a secondary infection with a different strain. Through an immunological phenomenon, known as original antigenic sin, the immune system is not able to adequately respond to the stronger infection, and the secondary infection becomes far more serious.[9] This process is also known as superinfection.[10][11]

In Singapore, there are about 4,000–5,000 reported cases of dengue fever or dengue haemorrhagic fever every year. In the year 2003, there were six deaths from dengue shock syndrome.[citation needed] It is believed that the reported cases of dengue are an underrepresentation of all the cases of dengue as it would ignore subclinical cases and cases where the patient did not present for medical treatment. With proper medical treatment, the mortality rate for dengue can therefore be brought down to less than 1 in 1000

BIRD FLU

2008-11-22T07:20:00.000-08:00

Avian influenza, sometimes Avian flu, and commonly Bird flu refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.

"Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "Swine flu", "Dog flu", "Horse flu", or "Human flu" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species: Influenza A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of Influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes avian flu virus is the Influenza A virus (note that the "A" does not stand for "avian").

Adaptation is non-exclusive. Being adapted towards a particular species does not preclude adaptations, or partial adaptations, towards infecting different species. In this way strains of influenza viruses are adapted to multiple species, though may be preferential towards a particular host. For example, viruses responsible for influenza pandemics are adapted to both humans and birds. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish Flu virus shows it to have genes adapted to both birds and humans; with more of its genes from birds than less deadly later pandemic strains.

Genetics

Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include:

PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine.
HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors. Hemagglutinin is the major antigen of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced and influenza virus epidemics are associated with changes in its antigenic structure.

Influenza pandemic

Pandemic flu viruses have some avian flu virus genes and usually some human flu virus genes. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible.[8] The Spanish flu virus strain may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans.[9]

In spite of their pandemic connection, avian influenza viruses are noninfectious for most species. When they are infectious they are usually asymptomatic, so the carrier does not have any disease from it. Thus while infected with an avian flu virus, the animal doesn't have a "flu". Typically, when illness (called "flu") from an avian flu virus does occur, it is the result of an avian flu virus strain adapted to one species spreading to another species (usually from one bird species to another bird species). So far as is known, the most common result of this is an illness so minor as to be not worth noticing (and thus little studied). But with the domestication of chickens and turkeys, humans have created species subtypes (domesticated poultry) that can catch an avian flu virus adapted to waterfowl and have it rapidly mutate into a form that kills in days over 90% of an entire flock and spread to other flocks and kill 90% of them and can only be stopped by killing every domestic bird in the area. Until H5N1 infected humans in the 1990s, this was the only reason avian flu was considered important. Since then, avian flu viruses have been intensively studied; resulting in changes in what is believed about flu pandemics, changes in poultry farming, changes in flu vaccination research, and changes in flu pandemic planning.

H5N1 has evolved into a flu virus strain that infects more species than any previously known flu virus strain, is deadlier than any previously known flu virus strain, and continues to evolve becoming both more widespread and more deadly causing Robert Webster, a leading expert on avian flu, to publish an article titled "The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population" in American Scientist. He called for adequate resources to fight what he sees as a major world threat to possibly billions of lives.[10] Since the article was written, the world community has spent billions of dollars fighting this threat with limited success.

MAD COW

2008-11-22T07:17:00.000-08:00

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as Mad-Cow Disease (MCD), is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in cattle, that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord and also causes red eyes. BSE has a long incubation period, about 4 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years, all breeds being equally susceptible.[1] In the United Kingdom, the country worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication programme.[2]

It is believed by most scientists that the disease may be transmitted to human beings who eat the brain or spinal cord of infected carcasses.[3] In humans, it is known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD), and by April 2008, it had killed 164 people in Britain, and 40 elsewhere[4] with the number expected to rise because of the disease's long incubation period.[5] Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high-risk offal were introduced in 1989.[6]

A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was caused by cattle, who are normally herbivores, being fed the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM), which caused the infectious agent to spread.[7][8] The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures at which it remains viable; this contributed to the spread of the disease in Britain, which had reduced the temperatures used during its rendering process.[7] Another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young

2008-10-31T07:11:00.000-07:00

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

2008-10-29T07:08:00.001-07:00

1) Simple Present Tense
Pengertian
Present tense adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal, keadaan atau pernyataan tentang :
a. Kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau terus menerus.
EX : I always go to school by bus every day.
My Father often drinks a cup of coffee in the morning.
They usually study English on Tuesdays.
b. Kebenaran Umum (general Truth)
Ex : The moon goes around the earth.
There are twenty four hours in a day.
The sun sets in the west.
c. Membenarkan hal akan datang, berkenaan dengan jadwal, program, acara atau kegiatan lain yang terencana atau berseri.
EX : The plane arrives at 09.00 o’clock.
The employee begins working at 08.00 o’clock.
The show starts with an attractive dancing.

Keterangan Waktu ( adverb of time ) atau frase keterangan yang digunakan di present tense.
Always , never , occasionally , often , sometimes , everywhere , on Monday , twice a year , usually , generally , ever , lately , frequently , seldom , etc.
a. Bentuk kalimat positif ( + )
Subject ( I/you/we/they) + verb 1 + O
Subject ( he/she/it) + verb 1 + O
EX : I drink coffee every morning.
He drinks coffee every night.
b. Bentuk Kalimat interogatif ( ? )
Do/Does + subject + verb 1 + ……….
EX : Do you always go to school by bus ?
Does she often read novel ?

Catatan :
Orang ketiga tunggal dalam simple present tense ( he ,she, my, mother, etc) kata kerjanya ditambah S atau ES dengan aturan berikut.
 Kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf y didahului huruf mati (konsonan) diubah menjadi I lalu ditambah es.
Contoh : Study = studies
Try = tries
Carry = carries.
 Kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan S , TH , SH , X , O ditambah es.
Contoh : miss = misses teach = teaches wish = wishes
Kiss = kisses box = boxes go = goes
 Kata – kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati ( konsonan) didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) dan yang tidak termasuk dalam kelompok a dan b hanya ditambah s.
Contoh : play = plays work = works
Visit = visits eat = eats

Present tense dengan question words
Question words + do/does + subject + verb 1 + ………
Ex : Where do they playing football every afternoon ?
When does she usually go to bed ?
How many time a week does she teach you English ?
Jika Question words menanyakan subjek atau menjadi subjek, maka susunannya adalah sebagai berikut :
Question words + verb 1 + (s/es) + subjek + ………
EX : Who teaches you English ?
Whose daughter usually goes to public library?
Contoh :
Mr Andre: What does your sister do every afternoon?
Elisabeth: My sister ….
A. Studies French.
B. Studies English.
C. Takes dutch test.
D. Has latin test.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat soal yang berpola simple present tense , yaitu :
S ( orang ketiga tunggal ) + V1 + s + O +….
Doctor : Good morning, Dista. How are you ?
Dista : Good morning, doctor. I’m fine thank you.
Doctor : Do you eat vegetables and fruits every day? You…than before.
A. Seem happy.
B. Look more fresh.
C. Feel great.
D. Appear fat.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar bahwa dista kelihatan lebih segar daripada sebelumnya karena dia makan sayur-sayuran dan buah – buahan setiap setiap hari.

2. Simple Past Tense
Pengertian
Simple Past tense adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal ,keadaan, atau kejadian pada masa lampau.
Bentuk Kalimat : Subject + Verb2 + Object
Kata kerja past tense untuk subjek ketiga tunggal tidak pernah mendapat tambahan s/es.
Ex : He drank two glasses of beer yesterday. ( bukan he dranks two
Glasses of beer yesterday).

Penggunaannya
 Untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau keadaan pada masa yang sudah lewat. EX : We visited our grandmother a week ago.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau. EX : My cat slept on the sofa last night.
Uncle asked me to come yesterday.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan di waktu lampau. EX : we went to London for 6 months.

Bentuk negative ( - ) dan Interogatif ( ? )
 Bentuk Negative ( - )
Subjek + did + not + verb 1
Ex : Santi did not go to Bogor yesterday.
I did not come to his party last week.
 Bentuk Kalimat Interogatif ( ? )
Did + Subject + verb 1
Ex : Did you call me last night ?
Did she visit you last month ?
Simple Past Tense dengan Question words

Question words + did + Subject + Verb1 + ………
Ex : Where did he buy a car last week ?

Question words + Verb2 + ………
Ex : Who call him last night ?
Who send me a gift yesterday ?

Keterangan waktu ( time signals )
- Yesterday - an hour…… ago
- yesterday morning - …… ago
- last night - this morning
- last week - just now
- last ……

Contoh :
Andi : Hello San, where did you buy this hand phone yesterday?
Santi : Hi, Andi. I ……… it at Roxy.
A. Bought
B. Was buying
C. Am buying
D. Have bought
Answer key: A
Pilihan A benar karena merupakan kalimat berpola simple past tense yang mengunakan kata kerja kedua.

Eno : Congratulation , you were the winner of champion last week.
Santi : Thank you , I ……… of it.
A. An happy
B. Was proud
C. Am satisfied
D. Was being happy
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat berpola simple past tense
( S + V2 + O + ………)

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

2008-10-29T07:08:00.000-07:00

1) Simple Present Tense
Pengertian
Present tense adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal, keadaan atau pernyataan tentang :
a. Kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau terus menerus.
EX : I always go to school by bus every day.
My Father often drinks a cup of coffee in the morning.
They usually study English on Tuesdays.
b. Kebenaran Umum (general Truth)
Ex : The moon goes around the earth.
There are twenty four hours in a day.
The sun sets in the west.
c. Membenarkan hal akan datang, berkenaan dengan jadwal, program, acara atau kegiatan lain yang terencana atau berseri.
EX : The plane arrives at 09.00 o’clock.
The employee begins working at 08.00 o’clock.
The show starts with an attractive dancing.

Keterangan Waktu ( adverb of time ) atau frase keterangan yang digunakan di present tense.
Always , never , occasionally , often , sometimes , everywhere , on Monday , twice a year , usually , generally , ever , lately , frequently , seldom , etc.
a. Bentuk kalimat positif ( + )
Subject ( I/you/we/they) + verb 1 + O
Subject ( he/she/it) + verb 1 + O
EX : I drink coffee every morning.
He drinks coffee every night.
b. Bentuk Kalimat interogatif ( ? )
Do/Does + subject + verb 1 + ……….
EX : Do you always go to school by bus ?
Does she often read novel ?

Catatan :
Orang ketiga tunggal dalam simple present tense ( he ,she, my, mother, etc) kata kerjanya ditambah S atau ES dengan aturan berikut.
 Kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf y didahului huruf mati (konsonan) diubah menjadi I lalu ditambah es.
Contoh : Study = studies
Try = tries
Carry = carries.
 Kata-kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan S , TH , SH , X , O ditambah es.
Contoh : miss = misses teach = teaches wish = wishes
Kiss = kisses box = boxes go = goes
 Kata – kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati ( konsonan) didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) dan yang tidak termasuk dalam kelompok a dan b hanya ditambah s.
Contoh : play = plays work = works
Visit = visits eat = eats

Present tense dengan question words
Question words + do/does + subject + verb 1 + ………
Ex : Where do they playing football every afternoon ?
When does she usually go to bed ?
How many time a week does she teach you English ?
Jika Question words menanyakan subjek atau menjadi subjek, maka susunannya adalah sebagai berikut :
Question words + verb 1 + (s/es) + subjek + ………
EX : Who teaches you English ?
Whose daughter usually goes to public library?
Contoh :
Mr Andre: What does your sister do every afternoon?
Elisabeth: My sister ….
A. Studies French.
B. Studies English.
C. Takes dutch test.
D. Has latin test.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat soal yang berpola simple present tense , yaitu :
S ( orang ketiga tunggal ) + V1 + s + O +….
Doctor : Good morning, Dista. How are you ?
Dista : Good morning, doctor. I’m fine thank you.
Doctor : Do you eat vegetables and fruits every day? You…than before.
A. Seem happy.
B. Look more fresh.
C. Feel great.
D. Appear fat.
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar bahwa dista kelihatan lebih segar daripada sebelumnya karena dia makan sayur-sayuran dan buah – buahan setiap setiap hari.

2. Simple Past Tense
Pengertian
Simple Past tense adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukan hal ,keadaan, atau kejadian pada masa lampau.
Bentuk Kalimat : Subject + Verb2 + Object
Kata kerja past tense untuk subjek ketiga tunggal tidak pernah mendapat tambahan s/es.
Ex : He drank two glasses of beer yesterday. ( bukan he dranks two
Glasses of beer yesterday).

Penggunaanya
 Untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau keadaan pada masa yang sudah lewat. EX : We visited our grandmother a week ago.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau. EX : My cat slept on the sofa last night.
Uncle asked me to come yesterday.
 Untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan di waktu lampau. EX : we went to London for 6 months.

Bentuk negative ( - ) dan Interogatif ( ? )
 Bentuk Negative ( - )
Subjek + did + not + verb 1
Ex : Santi did not go to Bogor yesterday.
I did not come to his party last week.
 Bentuk Kalimat Interogatif ( ? )
Did + Subject + verb 1
Ex : Did you call me last night ?
Did she visit you last month ?
Simple Past Tense dengan Question words

Question words + did + Subject + Verb1 + ………
Ex : Where did he buy a car last week ?

Question words + Verb2 + ………
Ex : Who call him last night ?
Who send me a gift yesterday ?

Keterangan waktu ( time signals )
- Yesterday - an hour…… ago
- yesterday morning - …… ago
- last night - this morning
- last week - just now
- last ……

Contoh :
Andi : Hello San, where did you buy this hand phone yesterday?
Santi : Hi, Andi. I ……… it at Roxy.
A. Bought
B. Was buying
C. Am buying
D. Have bought
Answer key: A
Pilihan A benar karena merupakan kalimat berpola simple past tense yang mengunakan kata kerja kedua.

Eno : Congratulation , you were the winner of champion last week.
Santi : Thank you , I ……… of it.
A. An happy
B. Was proud
C. Am satisfied
D. Was being happy
Answer key : B
Pilihan B benar untuk melengkapi kalimat berpola simple past tense
( S + V2 + O + ………)

Student's contribution

2008-10-21T05:48:00.000-07:00

A TRIP TO BOGOR
By: Angeline W (VIIIF)

Last holiday I went to Bogor with my family and some of my friends. We went to Bogor by car.
We started at 5.00 PM. We had a long trip. At 7.30 we dropped in for a while to eat. We ate in a Javanese restaurant. After that, we continued the trip. At 8.00 PM arrived in Bogor, and then we went to Villa Paloma Bianca to stay overnight. It was nice there.
The next day we went to Lembang. That was a tiring trip. We arrived at the other villa at 05.00 pm. We played so many games. We enjoyed it. And the next day, we went to Kawah Putih. It was an exiting experience.
Then we went home. I was tired but happy.

To all of My Students

2008-10-15T04:16:00.000-07:00

Thank you for visiting my blog.
This is my official bog that is made to assist and
to entertain you all.

I do hope that my blog will be able to be a bridge
among us. You can communicate with me through this blog.
You'll get a lot of important things dealing with English Lesson
and everything. OK?

Verb Tense Exercise 5

2008-10-14T07:35:00.000-07:00

Simple Past / Present Perfect

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"
B: I don't know. I (see, never)_________that movie.

2. Sam (arrive) _________ in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I (know) _________ each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) _________ ten very creative short stories the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

5. I (have, not) _________ this much fun since I (be) _________ a kid.

6. Things (change) _________ a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) _________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only) _________ six employees. Since then, we (expand) _________ to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7. I (tell) _______ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)_________ off into the forest and (be)_______ bitten by a snake.

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)_________ the bus this morning. You (be) _____ late to work too many times. You are fired!

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) _________ the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

10. How sad! George (dream) _________ of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never) _________ the ocean.

11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) _________ much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) _________ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) _________ very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) _________ a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) _________ since the last time I (see) you. You (grow) _________ at least a foot!

13. This tree (be) _________ planted by the settlers who (found) _________ our city over four hundred years ago.

14. This mountain (be, never) _________ climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try) _________to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) _________ . The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die) _________ trying to reach the summit.

15. I (visit, never) _________ Africa, but I (travel) _________ to South America several times. The last time I (go) _________ to South America, I (visit) _________ Brazil and Peru. I (spend) _________ two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) _________ for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly) _________ over the Nazca Lines.
Check

Test Yourselves

2008-10-14T07:10:00.000-07:00

Using the words in the parentheses , complete the text below with the appropriate tenses

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ________ her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work)________ as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)________ French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ________ .

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ____________ .

5. I hate living in Seattle because it ________(rain, always) .

6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) ________ because everybody (talk) _________ so loudly.

7. Justin(write, currently) ________ a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) ________ to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be, normally) ________ printed by a company in New York. Their prices (be) _____ inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate (be) ________ made by a small factory in Zürich, Switzerland.

Simple Present / Present Continuous
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

Today (be)______the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my legs (shake)______ ; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) ______ me and my toes (bleed) ______ , but I (want, still)______ to continue.

Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) _____ so different, and I (try)______ to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) ______ a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) ______ foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) ______ much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually) ______ .

I (travel, currently)_________ with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be) ______ a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) _________ ahead of me and (complain) _________ that I am too slow. I (do) ______ my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.

Right now, Liam (sit) ______ with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) ______ the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) ______ the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) _________ him Tam. Tam (speak) ______ English very well and he (try) ______ to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say)______ a new word, Liam (try) ______ to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) _________ to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.

Verb Tense Exercise 3
Simple Past / Past Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: What (you, do)_________when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) ______ to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I (find) ______ the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) _________ to the police and (turn) it in.

3. The doctor (say) _____ that Tom (be) _____ too sick to go to work and that he (need) _______ to stay at home for a couple of days.

4. Sebastian (arrive) _________ at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) _________ there. She (study, at the library) _________ for her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) _________ television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I (call) _______ you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) _______ there. Where were you?
B: I (work) _______ out at the fitness center.

7. When I (walk) _________ into the busy office, the secretary (talk) _______ on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) _______ at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) _________ methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch) _______ a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends.

9. Sharon (be) ______ in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) _____.

10. It's strange that you (call) _______ because I (think, just) _______ about you.

11. The Titanic (cross) _______ the Atlantic when it (strike) _______ an iceberg.

12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) _______ and (try) ______ to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)_______ for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) _______ their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) ______ over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) _______ over to a man who (sell) ______ fruit and (buy) _______ a banana.

13. The firemen (rescue) _______ the old woman who (be) _____ trapped on the third floor of the burning building.

14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always)_________ her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect, actually) _________ me to do them for her.

15. Samantha (live) _______ in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) ______ there when the Berlin Wall came down.
Check

Verb Tense Exercise 4
Simple Past / Past Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call)_______. She said she (call)_______ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) _______ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) _______ to me. I couldn't believe she (make) _______ a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.

Used to / didn't use to

2008-10-13T08:21:00.000-07:00

Used to / didn't use to
When talking about things that we did in the past but don't do now we can use the expression used to. The negative form, to talk about things which we didn't do in the past but do now, is didn't use to.

Positive sentences

I used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.
I used to eat loads of junk food.
Negative sentences: I didn't use to do any exercise.
I didn't use to swim very well.

All pronouns take
used to / didn't use to

I
You
She
He
It
We
They
used to / didn't use to eat a lot of sweets.
eat meat.
live in the city.
have long hair.

Used to and didn't use to are only used to talk about past habits. There is no present form. To talk about present habits we can use the present simple. When using these structures there are often two parts to the sentence, something about the past and something about the present, for example:

I used to drive to work but now I go by car.
I didn't use to like coffee but I love it now.

Unless

2008-10-12T06:57:00.001-07:00

Unless with a subject and verb means only if or except if in positive and negative sentences. The other part of the sentence gives the possible result.

possible result	unless	subject and verb
I'm not going to dance	unless	you ask me.
I won't go by car	unless	it's a long way.
We can go to the park	unless	someone has a better idea.

unless	subject and verb	possible result
Unless	we're there by 8 o'clock	we won't get anything to eat.
Unless	Elena wants to take a taxi	we can go by bus.
Unless	you tell me who broke the cup	I will make you pay for it.

Indefinite pronouns

2008-10-12T06:55:00.000-07:00

Indefinite pronouns like everybody and anyone take singular verbs. Some nouns which end with –s, like news, and diabetes – are actually singular. Other words like data and media are plural, and collective nouns like team, government and group can be singular or plural.

Rule	Some nouns which follow this rule	Example sentence
Some indefinite pronouns have a plural meaning, but take singular verbs	everybody, anyone, everything	Everybody is in hospital
Some nouns which end with –s are singular	mathematics, physics, rabies, diabetes, news	Rabies is on the increase
Some nouns which don't end with –s are plural	people, children, data, media	The media have collected more data
Some collective nouns can be singular and plural	family, team, police, group, government, jury	The jury has found the defendant guilty The jury are having a discussion

Hi, students...

2008-10-12T05:45:00.000-07:00

How are you everybody? It's been a long time not to see each other. I miss you all. How's your holiday? Where did you spend the two weeks holiday? Did you go to Bali, Jogja, Singapore or USA? Wherever you go, whatever you do.... I just hope that you enjoy your time. So...see you at school tomorrow morning.